{"id":58049,"date":"2017-05-08T22:14:14","date_gmt":"2017-05-08T22:14:14","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2017-05-08T22:14:14","modified_gmt":"2017-05-08T22:14:14","slug":"israel-dans-l-espace-par-david-bensoussan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/israel-dans-l-espace-par-david-bensoussan\/","title":{"rendered":"Isra\u00ebl dans l&rsquo;espace, par\u00a0David Bensoussan"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p>La plan\u00e8te est tellement habitu\u00e9e \u00e0 observer \u00e0 la loupe le minuscule pays d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl si d\u00e9favoris\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;espace qu&rsquo;elle ne l\u00e8ve pas les yeux pour observer les nombreuses innovations isra\u00e9liennes dans l&rsquo;espace. On y trouverait des milliers de satellites en orbite autour de la terre. Toutefois, quelques-uns seulement sont en orbite en direction oppos\u00e9e: il s&rsquo;agit de satellites isra\u00e9liens qui sont envoy\u00e9s en direction de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e dans le sens contraire de la rotation de la Terre afin d&rsquo;\u00e9viter des accidents s&rsquo;ils retombaient dans une zone habit\u00e9e. Ce faisant, les satellites isra\u00e9liens ne profitent pas de la vitesse de rotation initiale de la terre. Au contraire, ils doivent doubler la vitesse de d\u00e9part pour pouvoir rejoindre leur orbite. Cela a exig\u00e9 des satellites ultral\u00e9gers et performants et ce d\u00e9fi a \u00e9t\u00e9 relev\u00e9 avec brio.<\/p>\n<p>Rappelons qu&rsquo;en 1957, l&rsquo;Union sovi\u00e9tique lan\u00e7ait le Spoutnik, premier satellite artificiel et depuis, la course \u00e0 l&rsquo;espace a pris un envol consid\u00e9rable. Un premier missile de recherche m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique, le Shavit 2, fut lanc\u00e9 en 1961. Deux ann\u00e9es, plus tard, l&rsquo;agence de recherche spatiale isra\u00e9lienne \u00e9tait cr\u00e9\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;agence spatiale isra\u00e9lienne fut constitu\u00e9e en 1983, cinq ans avant le lancement du premier satellite de reconnaissance, l&rsquo;Ofeq 1 lanc\u00e9 au moyen d&rsquo;un missile Shavit, faisant d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl le huiti\u00e8me pays qui lance et op\u00e8re des satellites. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, les satellites Ofeq-5 donnent des images avec une pr\u00e9cision d&rsquo;un demi-m\u00e8tre. Le satellite de communication g\u00e9ostationnaire Amos 1 destin\u00e9 aux \u00e9missions t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9es fut lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du centre spatial europ\u00e9en en Guyane en 1996. Le satellite g\u00e9osynchrone Amos-4 fait usage d&rsquo;une technologie permettant de traiter en temps r\u00e9el l&rsquo;information. Avec ses 10 antennes diff\u00e9rentes, il couvre 3 continents: l&rsquo;Europe, l&rsquo;Afrique et l&rsquo;Asie. Le satellite Amos-5 couvre l&rsquo;ensemble de l&rsquo;Afrique. Le satellite exp\u00e9rimental cubique de 50 centim\u00e8tres de c\u00f4t\u00e9 de Techsat a \u00e9t\u00e9 construit par des \u00e9tudiants et d&rsquo;autres, encore bien plus petits, sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s. Mises \u00e0 part les rampes de lancement locales \u00e0 partir desquelles 40% des lancements sont faits, celles de Russie, du Kazakhstan, d&rsquo;Inde de la Guyane fran\u00e7aise et des \u00c9.-U. sont \u00e9galement utilis\u00e9es. Ilan Ramon fut le premier astronaute isra\u00e9lien qui p\u00e9rit lors de la r\u00e9entr\u00e9e de la navette spatiale am\u00e9ricaine Columbia en 2003.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Des projets de recherche en m\u00e9decine spatiale, en microgravit\u00e9, en astrophysique, en radiations cosmiques et en g\u00e9olocalisation en cas d&rsquo;urgence sont en cours.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Les nouveaux projets spatiaux sont plus ambitieux: la fus\u00e9e am\u00e9ricaine Exomars comprend un contr\u00f4leur du ralentissement durant l&rsquo;atterrissage sur Mars. Google a lanc\u00e9 le concours Lunar X Prize pour envoyer un v\u00e9hicule sur la lune et le faire d\u00e9placer 500 m\u00e8tres. La compagnie Spacell dont 95% de l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe est form\u00e9e de volontaires est parmi les finalistes. Des accords de collaboration en mati\u00e8re a\u00e9rospatiale ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sign\u00e9s avec de nombreux pays dont le Canada. La France et Isra\u00ebl lancent ensemble un satellite d&rsquo;observation de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation terrestre de haute r\u00e9solution, V\u00e9nus. Des projets de recherche en m\u00e9decine spatiale, en microgravit\u00e9, en astrophysique, en radiations cosmiques et en g\u00e9olocalisation en cas d&rsquo;urgence sont en cours.<\/p>\n<p>Aux familles de missiles Shavit et de satellites de reconnaissance Ofeq et ceux de communication et d&rsquo;observation Eros et TechSar (qui utilise un radar plut\u00f4t qu&rsquo;une cam\u00e9ra) succ\u00e8dent les mini satellites et les micro satellites Ofeq et Eros pour des missions en basse altitude. Des circuits int\u00e9gr\u00e9s r\u00e9sistants aux radiations sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s par la compagnie Ramon Chips. Enfin, un centre spatial \u00e9ducatif existe \u00e0 Herzliya depuis 2012.<\/p>\n<p>R\u00e9cemment, la fus\u00e9e Falcon 9 de SpaceX qui devait mettre en orbite le satellite Amos 6 a explos\u00e9 durant la mise \u00e0 feu \u00e0 Cap Canaveral, ce qui retarde de 2 \u00e0 3 ans le programme spatial isra\u00e9lien. Ce satellite \u00e9tait destin\u00e9 \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la connexion Internet en Afrique. Isra\u00ebl se retrouve \u00e0 court de deux satellites pour les deux prochaines ann\u00e9es et doit d\u00e9cider s&rsquo;il continue \u00e0 investir dans l&rsquo;industrie spatiale \u00e0 des fins commerciales. \u00c0 titre indicatif, Isra\u00ebl lance un satellite tous les 3 ou 4 ans et les \u00c9tats-Unis lancent 5 \u00e0 8 satellites par an. Pour remplacer la perte du satellite Amos 6, des services satellitaires AsiaSat ont \u00e9t\u00e9 lou\u00e9s en attendant le lancement du satellite Amos 17 de la compagnie Boeing en 2019. Par ailleurs, le satellite d&rsquo;imagerie optique Ofeq 11 lanc\u00e9 en Isra\u00ebl m\u00eame au moyen d&rsquo;un missile Shavit a mal fonctionn\u00e9 au d\u00e9part, mais a pu \u00eatre r\u00e9activ\u00e9 par la suite. Par contre, deux nano-satellites (BGUSAT et DIDO) destin\u00e9s \u00e0 la recherche scientifique ont \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9s avec succ\u00e8s par l&rsquo;Agence spatiale indienne. Un autre mini-satellite, le Duchifat-2 destin\u00e9 \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de la thermosph\u00e8re a \u00e9t\u00e9 lanc\u00e9 \u00e0 Cap Canaveral en mars 2017.<\/p>\n<p>La recherche spatiale a permis de d\u00e9velopper en Isra\u00ebl des senseurs de haute r\u00e9solution, des traitements d&rsquo;images avanc\u00e9s, la cartographie 3D ainsi que des radars hyper spectraux n\u00e9cessaires aux satellites d&rsquo;observation et de communication. Les r\u00e9alisations en mati\u00e8re de missiles et de satellites spatiaux sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es \u00e0 des co\u00fbts moindres, le budget consacr\u00e9 de l&rsquo;ordre d&rsquo;une centaine de millions de dollars et rapporte pr\u00e8s du double. Il est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 ceux des autres agences spatiales (allant de 17 G$ aux \u00c9.-U., 2,5 G$ en France, 400 M$ au Canada et 130 M$ au Br\u00e9sil) et est tr\u00e8s modique compar\u00e9 aux retomb\u00e9es commerciales envisageables. Les innovations isra\u00e9liennes en mati\u00e8re de technologie sont particuli\u00e8rement fructueuses et l&rsquo;investissement dans le secteur spatial pourrait s&rsquo;av\u00e9rer \u00eatre non moins productif. Cela est \u00e9galement valable pour le secteur spatial canadien dans son ensemble dont les revenus annuels de 3,4 milliards de dollars proviennent \u00e0 50% des ventes \u00e0 l&rsquo;exportation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; La plan\u00e8te est tellement habitu\u00e9e \u00e0 observer \u00e0 la loupe le minuscule pays d&rsquo;Isra\u00ebl si d\u00e9favoris\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;espace qu&rsquo;elle ne l\u00e8ve pas les yeux pour observer les nombreuses innovations isra\u00e9liennes dans l&rsquo;espace. On y trouverait des milliers de satellites en orbite autour de la terre. Toutefois, quelques-uns seulement sont en orbite en direction&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":58050,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Isra\u00ebl dans l&#039;espace, par\u00a0David Bensoussan | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"&nbsp; La plan\u00e8te est tellement habitu\u00e9e \u00e0 observer \u00e0 la loupe le minuscule pays d&#039;Isra\u00ebl si d\u00e9favoris\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re d&#039;espace qu&#039;elle ne l\u00e8ve pas les yeux\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/israel-dans-l-espace-par-david-bensoussan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Isra\u00ebl dans l&#039;espace, par\u00a0David Bensoussan | HARISSA.COM\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"&nbsp; 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