{"id":58709,"date":"2017-10-24T16:57:54","date_gmt":"2017-10-24T16:57:54","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2017-10-24T16:57:54","modified_gmt":"2017-10-24T16:57:54","slug":"sapiens-et-judaisme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/sapiens-et-judaisme\/","title":{"rendered":"Sapiens et Juda\u00efsme"},"content":{"rendered":"<article id=\"post-3412\">\n<p>Sapiens et Juda\u00efsme<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>&nbsp;par Benjamin Landau.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Benjamin Landau&nbsp;a un Master en pens\u00e9e juive de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 H\u00e9bra\u00efque de J\u00e9rusalem. Sa th\u00e8se portait sur Manitou et Levinas.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Parmi toutes les r\u00e9ussites internationales d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, il en est une qui me semble m\u00e9riter une r\u00e9flexion. Il s\u2019agit du livre de Yuval Noah Harari publi\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais et en anglais sous le titre Sapiens. Ce livre a connu et conna\u00eet encore un succ\u00e8s incroyable. Il est difficile de dire si le sommet de sa cons\u00e9cration tient \u00e0 son tirage, au nombre de langues dans lesquelles il a \u00e9t\u00e9 traduit, ou au fait qu\u2019Obama y a fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence quand il \u00e9tait encore pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis. Pour ceux qui ne l\u2019auraient pas lu, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un livre populaire qui pr\u00e9sente l\u2019histoire mondiale sous un angle plut\u00f4t original (le titre en h\u00e9breu, sous-titre de l\u2019\u00e9dition fran\u00e7aise est : une br\u00e8ve histoire de l\u2019humanit\u00e9). Au lieu de se contenter de l\u2019histoire de l\u2019homme telle qu\u2019elle est \u00e9crite dans les livres, et qui n\u2019a donc que quelques milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es, Harari pr\u00e9sente une histoire de l\u2019Homme qui a commenc\u00e9 il y a des centaines de milliers d\u2019ann\u00e9es, avec les chasseurs-cueilleurs. Ce qui fait en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral la mati\u00e8re des livres d\u2019Histoire n\u2019appara\u00eet presque pas dans son livre, d\u00e9tails presque insignifiants dans l\u2019ensemble des aventures de l\u2019Homo Sapiens. La th\u00e8se la plus fascinante du livre de Harari est l\u2019id\u00e9e que la plupart des r\u00e9alisations humaines sont imaginaires. Que ce soit le concept de libert\u00e9 ou l\u2019entreprise Peugeot, tout cela n\u2019a pas d\u2019existence en terme de physique ou de chimie et n\u2019est donc qu\u2019une vue de l\u2019esprit. Et la force de l\u2019Homme lui vient de sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 travailler avec de telles abstractions, avec d\u2019autres gens qui s\u2019entendent avec lui sur ces concepts.<\/p>\n<p>Mais en m\u00eame temps qu\u2019il d\u00e9crit cette capacit\u00e9 qui fait de l\u2019Homme un \u00eatre d\u2019exception, il insiste sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 d\u00e9risoire de l\u2019Homo sapiens. Il pense ma\u00eetriser son environnement, mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il y est inf\u00e9od\u00e9. Il se croit le couronnement de la cr\u00e9ation, mais ce n\u2019est que hasard si il est arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 la t\u00eate de la pyramide alimentaire.<\/p>\n<p>C\u2019est cette th\u00e9orie qui fait du livre de Harari l\u2019essence de l\u2019ath\u00e9isme moderne. Il n\u2019y a qu\u2019un esprit fondamentaliste pour \u00eatre choqu\u00e9 par les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences \u00e0 la th\u00e9orie de l\u2019\u00e9volution ou \u00e0 des affirmations scientifiques qui ont l\u2019air de contredire le sens litt\u00e9ral de la Torah. Ma\u00efmonide a r\u00e9solu cette question il y a huit si\u00e8cles. Par contre, la volont\u00e9 de relativiser le r\u00f4le de l\u2019Homme dans le monde est marqu\u00e9 du sceau d\u2019un relativisme probl\u00e9matique. C\u2019est sur la m\u00eame base que L\u00e9vinas avait formul\u00e9 sa critique de \u201cTristes tropiques\u201d de L\u00e9vi-Strauss : \u201cl\u2019ath\u00e9isme moderne, ce n\u2019est pas la n\u00e9gation de Dieu,&nbsp; c\u2019est l\u2019indiff\u00e9rentisme absolu de Tristes tropiques. Je pense que c\u2019est le livre le plus ath\u00e9e qu\u2019on ait \u00e9crit de nos jours, le livre absolument d\u00e9sorient\u00e9 et le plus d\u00e9sorientant\u201d. (Difficile Libert\u00e9, p. 259). Ce n\u2019est pas un hasard, si L\u00e9vinas cite le livre de L\u00e9vi-Strauss comme exemple d\u2019\u201cindiff\u00e9rentisme absolu\u201d. Le succ\u00e8s et l\u2019influence de \u201cTristes tropiques\u201d a \u00e9t\u00e9 immense. Et il semble que le succ\u00e8s de \u201cSapiens\u201d soit du m\u00eame ordre, \u00e0 en croire les tableaux de vente. Et le relativisme moral qui d\u00e9coule de sa vision de l\u2019Homme est, lui aussi, du m\u00eame ordre que celui de L\u00e9vi-Strauss.<\/p>\n<p>Le juda\u00efsme a-t-il une alternative \u00e0 proposer? Peut-on d\u00e9cemment adh\u00e9rer aux descriptions de la Cr\u00e9ation du livre de Bereshit contre la th\u00e9orie scientifique moderne qui sert de support \u00e0 Harari? Une lecture attentive des sages du Talmud montre qu\u2019il y a l\u00e0 tout \u00e0 fait mati\u00e8re \u00e0 r\u00e9flexion. La mishna sanh\u00e9drin (4,5) nous enseigne : \u201cc\u2019est pourquoi l\u2019Homme a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 seul: [\u2026] afin d\u2019enseigner la paix entre les cr\u00e9atures, qu\u2019un homme ne dise pas \u00e0 son prochain mon p\u00e8re est plus important que le tien\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019auteur de cette mishna nous enseigne un principe fondamental : attribuer l\u2019origine de toute l\u2019humanit\u00e9 \u00e0 un seul homme est tr\u00e8s important non pas sur le plan scientifique, mais sur le plan moral, comme fondement de ma responsabilit\u00e9 pour l\u2019ensemble du genre humain, mais aussi pour tout ce qui est sur terre. Dans la vision de Harari, tout ceci est un mythe. Soit. Mais ce mythe, loin du relativisme auquel l\u2019auteur de Sapiens invite l\u2019Homme \u00e0 prendre toutes ses responsabilit\u00e9s face \u00e0 la place particuli\u00e8re qu\u2019il occupe dans le monde. Peu importe qu\u2019il y soit arriv\u00e9 \u201cpar hasard\u201d comme le dit Harari, \u00e7a ne saurait en aucun cas \u00eatre une excuse pour tenter d\u2019\u00e9viter sa responsabilit\u00e9. A bien y regarder, l\u2019enseignement du ma\u00eetre de la mishna y appelle bien plus que le rapetissement de l\u2019Homme que propose Harari.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sapiens et Juda\u00efsme &nbsp; &nbsp;par Benjamin Landau.&nbsp; Benjamin Landau&nbsp;a un Master en pens\u00e9e juive de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 H\u00e9bra\u00efque de J\u00e9rusalem. Sa th\u00e8se portait sur Manitou et Levinas.&nbsp; Parmi toutes les r\u00e9ussites internationales d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, il en est une qui me semble m\u00e9riter une r\u00e9flexion. Il s\u2019agit du livre de Yuval Noah Harari publi\u00e9 en fran\u00e7ais et en&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":58710,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58709","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Sapiens et Juda\u00efsme | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Sapiens et Juda\u00efsme &nbsp; &nbsp;par Benjamin Landau.&nbsp; Benjamin Landau&nbsp;a un Master en pens\u00e9e juive de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 H\u00e9bra\u00efque de J\u00e9rusalem. 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