{"id":58811,"date":"2017-11-09T19:14:50","date_gmt":"2017-11-09T19:14:50","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2017-11-09T19:14:50","modified_gmt":"2017-11-09T19:14:50","slug":"portrait-de-linde-juive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/portrait-de-linde-juive\/","title":{"rendered":"Portrait de l\u2019Inde juive"},"content":{"rendered":"

Portrait de l\u2019Inde juive<\/p>\n

\n

Par Lucie Azema<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

Les communaut\u00e9s juives d\u2019Inde sont aussi m\u00e9connues qu\u2019elles sont anciennes. Pr\u00e9sentes depuis plusieurs si\u00e8cles, elles ont su cr\u00e9er un savoureux syncr\u00e9tisme entre cultures juive et indienne.<\/p>\n

Le 20 septembre dernier, le Premier ministre indien Narendra Modi se fendait d\u2019un tweet en h\u00e9breu adress\u00e9 \u00e0 son homologue isra\u00e9lien Benjamin Netanyahu, dans lequel il lui souhaitait une bonne ann\u00e9e : \u00ab Shana Tova, my dear friend. \u00bb<\/em>Au-del\u00e0 des consid\u00e9rations g\u00e9opolitiques du message, c\u2019est l\u2019occasion de se rappeler que Rosh Hashanah \u2013 le nouvel an juif \u2013 est c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9 dans certains foyers indiens depuis des si\u00e8cles.<\/p>\n

L\u2019histoire des communaut\u00e9s juives indiennes est probablement aussi m\u00e9connue qu\u2019elle est ancienne. A l\u2019image des Juifs d\u2019Iran, qui incarnent un pan important de l\u2019histoire d\u2019Ispahan, ou des Parsis zoroastriens pr\u00e9sents \u00e0 Bombay, les communaut\u00e9s juives d\u2019Inde ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 s\u2019int\u00e9grer dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 grande majorit\u00e9 hindoue et musulmane \u2013 tout en cr\u00e9ant, au fil des si\u00e8cles, une culture jud\u00e9o-indienne unique en son genre.<\/p>\n

Non pas une<\/em> communaut\u00e9, mais des<\/em> communaut\u00e9s juives en Inde<\/strong><\/h4>\n

En Inde, l\u2019histoire des communaut\u00e9s juives se conjugue au pluriel. C\u2019est dans le sud-ouest du pays que tout commence.<\/p>\n

Le Kerala, \u00ab pays des cocotiers \u00bb<\/em> en malayalam, est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour sa v\u00e9g\u00e9tation luxuriante, ses plages de sable fin et son histoire parfum\u00e9e d\u2019\u00e9pices, de bois pr\u00e9cieux et de nard<\/em>. Mais il est aussi c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour la ville de Kochi et ses jolies maisons aux tons pastel o\u00f9 les arbres tropicaux r\u00e8gnent en ma\u00eetres ; pour son quartier Jew Town<\/em>, o\u00f9 l\u2019on peut lire des inscriptions en h\u00e9breu sur un modeste b\u00e2timent aux murs blancs : c\u2019est la synagogue historique de la ville, construite au XVIe si\u00e8cle, aujourd\u2019hui quasi inactive.<\/p>\n

La pr\u00e9sence juive \u00e0 Kochi daterait du Ier mill\u00e9naire de l\u2019\u00e8re chr\u00e9tienne et se divise elle-m\u00eame en deux communaut\u00e9s : d\u2019une part, celle des \u00ab Juifs noirs \u00bb,<\/em> la plus ancienne (\u00e0 qui l\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la synagogue de la ville fut longtemps refus\u00e9) et, d\u2019autre part, celle des \u00ab Juifs blancs \u00bb,<\/em> dont l\u2019arriv\u00e9e correspond aux colonisations europ\u00e9ennes.<\/p>\n

La communaut\u00e9 des Bene Isra\u00ebl <\/em>(enfants d\u2019Isra\u00ebl), arriv\u00e9e \u00e0 la m\u00eame \u00e9poque que les Juifs de Kochi, a d\u00e9marr\u00e9 son histoire indienne par un naufrage alors que ses membres cherchaient \u00e0 fuir les pers\u00e9cutions perp\u00e9tr\u00e9es par Rome en Galil\u00e9e.  Ils vivent aujourd\u2019hui majoritairement \u00e0 Mumbai (Bombay) et \u00e0 Pune.<\/p>\n

Mais l\u2019histoire de l\u2019immigration juive en Inde ne s\u2019arr\u00eate pas l\u00e0. Plus tard, au XIXe si\u00e8cle, arrivent des Juifs venus de Bagdad \u2013 et qui vont former ce qu\u2019on appelle aujourd\u2019hui la communaut\u00e9 des \u00ab Juifs Baghdadis \u00bb,<\/em> qui vivent essentiellement autour de Kolkata (Calcutta). L\u2019exemple le plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bre est la famille Sassoon, grands industriels indiens ayant historiquement fait fortune dans le commerce de l\u2019opium et surnomm\u00e9s \u00ab les Rothschild de l\u2019Orient \u00bb.<\/em><\/p>\n

A l\u2019extr\u00eame nord-est de l\u2019Inde, dans l\u2019\u00c9tat du Mizoram, situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la fronti\u00e8re birmane, on trouve \u00e9galement la communaut\u00e9 des Bnei Menashe<\/em>, qui se revendique comme l\u2019une des \u00ab dix tribus perdues \u00bb mentionn\u00e9es dans la Bible h\u00e9bra\u00efque, tout comme les Bene Ephraim<\/em>, arriv\u00e9s par l\u2019Afghanistan il y a mille ans et aujourd\u2019hui situ\u00e9s dans l\u2019Andhra Pradesh.<\/p>\n

Un savoureux syncr\u00e9tisme entre cultures juive et indienne <\/strong><\/h4>\n

Des si\u00e8cles d\u2019int\u00e9gration dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 indienne ont n\u00e9cessairement laiss\u00e9 des traces sur les pratiques religieuses des Juifs d\u2019Inde, cr\u00e9ant ainsi un savoureux m\u00e9lange entre les deux. Savoureux au sens propre, puisque pour Rosh Hashanah, ce sont des odeurs de riz au cumin, de pain chapati, <\/em>de viande de mouton et de kheer<\/em> (riz au lait indien) qui s\u2019\u00e9chappent des cuisines, se m\u00e9langeant ainsi au pain motsi<\/em> et au vin de Kiddush.<\/p>\n

Cette indianisation <\/em>des pratiques religieuses juives est d\u2019autant plus vraie s\u2019agissant de la communaut\u00e9 des Bene Isra\u00ebl<\/em>, qui portent des v\u00eatements indiens, ont largement chang\u00e9 leurs patronymes, utilisent du henn\u00e9 lors des mariages et sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s au syst\u00e8me des castes en tant que presseurs d\u2019huile<\/em> (fonction qu\u2019ils exer\u00e7aient historiquement).<\/p>\n

Ce m\u00e9lange jud\u00e9o-indien se retrouve \u00e9galement au niveau linguistique, avec des langues qui laissent r\u00eaveur et dont l\u2019\u00e9tude devrait suffire \u00e0 rassasier vos envies d\u2019ailleurs pour une vie enti\u00e8re : jud\u00e9o-marathi, jud\u00e9o-malayalam, jud\u00e9o-t\u00e9lugu, etc.<\/p>\n

L\u2019histoire des communaut\u00e9s juives d\u2019Inde \u00e9tant excessivement complexe et passionnante, il est conseill\u00e9 de se jeter sur les ouvrages de Monique Zetlaoui et Esther David, qui portent tous deux le m\u00eame titre : Shalom India<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Portrait de l\u2019Inde juive Par Lucie Azema Les communaut\u00e9s juives d\u2019Inde sont aussi m\u00e9connues qu\u2019elles sont anciennes. Pr\u00e9sentes depuis plusieurs si\u00e8cles, elles ont su cr\u00e9er un savoureux syncr\u00e9tisme entre cultures juive et indienne. Le 20 septembre dernier, le Premier ministre indien Narendra Modi se fendait d\u2019un tweet en h\u00e9breu adress\u00e9 \u00e0 son homologue isra\u00e9lien Benjamin Netanyahu,… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":58812,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58811","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nPortrait de l\u2019Inde juive | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Portrait de l\u2019Inde juive Par Lucie Azema Les communaut\u00e9s juives d\u2019Inde sont aussi m\u00e9connues qu\u2019elles sont anciennes. 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