{"id":59577,"date":"2018-03-06T23:35:54","date_gmt":"2018-03-06T23:35:54","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2018-03-06T23:35:54","modified_gmt":"2018-03-06T23:35:54","slug":"larme-du-goutte-a-goutte-face-au-desert","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/larme-du-goutte-a-goutte-face-au-desert\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019arme du \u00abgoutte \u00e0 goutte\u00bb face au d\u00e9sert"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<p>C\u2019est dans un kibboutz du N\u00e9guev qu\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es cinquante un syst\u00e8me de micro-irrigation aujourd\u2019hui export\u00e9 dans le monde entier. 75% des plantations agricoles et des espaces publics isra\u00e9liens en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient.<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p>Lorsqu\u2019Isra\u00ebl a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en&nbsp;1948, la ville de Beer Sheva n\u2019\u00e9tait qu\u2019un trou perdu au milieu du d\u00e9sert du N\u00e9guev. Une ancienne halte pour les caravaniers b\u00e9douins form\u00e9e de quelques b\u00e2timents poussi\u00e9reux \u00e9cras\u00e9s par un soleil de plomb.<\/p>\n<p>A huit kilom\u00e8tres de l\u00e0, le kibboutz Hatzerim, fond\u00e9&nbsp;deux ans plus t\u00f4t par des scouts p\u00e9tris de l\u2019id\u00e9al sioniste, \u00e9tait encore plus isol\u00e9. Et surtout, il manquait dramatiquement d\u2019eau pour d\u00e9velopper ses plantations. C\u2019est dans ce milieu particuli\u00e8rement hostile qu\u2019est n\u00e9e la micro-irrigation, le fameux \u00abtiftouf\u00bb (le \u00abgoutte-\u00e0-goutte\u00bb ou \u00abGAG\u00bb, en h\u00e9breu). Un syst\u00e8me r\u00e9volutionnaire compos\u00e9 de&nbsp;tuyaux en plastique disposant d\u2019embouts calibr\u00e9s (les \u00abspaghettis\u00bb) et serpentant entre les&nbsp;plants pour d\u00e9livrer la juste quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau aux racines.<\/p>\n<p>En 2016, la firme isra\u00e9lienne \u00abNetafim\u00bb, leader mondial en la mati\u00e8re, emploie 4 300&nbsp;personnes sur les cinq continents et ses produits se retrouvent aussi bien&nbsp;dans les jardins des particuliers am\u00e9ricains ais\u00e9s, dans les parcs publics de nombreuses municipalit\u00e9s europ\u00e9ennes et dans les plantations agricoles des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement.<\/p>\n<p>Oignons.Tout a commenc\u00e9 durant les ann\u00e9es&nbsp;50 lorsque Simkha Glass, conseiller pour les questions hydrauliques du Premier ministre de l\u2019\u00e9poque David Ben Gourion &#8211; et&nbsp;G\u00e9o Trouvetou \u00e0 ses heures &#8211; a&nbsp;d\u00e9couvert par hasard le principe du \u00abtiftouf\u00bb en observant le d\u00e9veloppement des oignons dans son appartement de Tel-Aviv.<\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s avoir cherch\u00e9 plusieurs kibboutz susceptibles de d\u00e9velopper son projet, Glass en a finalement trouv\u00e9 un tent\u00e9 par le projet : Hatzerim avec lequel il a fait breveter son&nbsp;syst\u00e8me. Certes, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, le \u00abtiftouf\u00bb n\u2019int\u00e9ressait que les agriculteurs isra\u00e9liens en qu\u00eate d\u00e9sesp\u00e9r\u00e9e de ressources en eau. Mais dans le courant des ann\u00e9es&nbsp;60, c\u2019est notamment gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 son savoir-faire dans le domaine de l\u2019irrigation que l\u2019Etat h\u00e9breu a acquis une certaine influence dans les pays africains nouvellement ind\u00e9pendants.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\u00abDans un pays comme le n\u00f4tre, dont&nbsp;60 % est de la superficie est d\u00e9sertique et la quasi-totalit\u00e9 du reste semi-d\u00e9sertique, le succ\u00e8s ne s\u2019est pas fait attendre\u00bb,&nbsp;raconte Naty Barak, responsable de la durabilit\u00e9 dans l\u2019entreprise Netafim.&nbsp;\u00abAu d\u00e9but, nous ne disposions que d\u2019un seul type de GAG, mais au fil du temps la gamme s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e pour couvrir de nombreux besoins et divers types de plantations comme le ma\u00efs, les pommes de terre ou le coton.\u00bb&nbsp;Et de poursuivre :&nbsp;\u00abCar si le principe de la micro-irrigation semble immuable, il n\u00e9cessite une adaptation aux types de sol, au climat, aux genres de plantation. Parfois, il faut arroser plus profond et parfois en surface. En tout cas, en Isra\u00ebl, 75 % des espaces publics et des plantations agricoles sont micro-irrigu\u00e9es. C\u2019est un record mondial puisque la moyenne internationale est de 5 %. Il nous reste donc du pain sur la planche car le march\u00e9 est immense et nous b\u00e9n\u00e9ficions d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience in\u00e9gal\u00e9e.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Les restrictions en mati\u00e8re d\u2019eau restent s\u00e9v\u00e8res en Isra\u00ebl car la quantit\u00e9 de m\u00e8tres cubes disponibles par&nbsp;habitant est trois fois inf\u00e9rieure aux&nbsp;minima fix\u00e9s par les Nations unies (1 300 m3).&nbsp;Pour lutter contre la s\u00e9cheresse r\u00e9currente, la&nbsp;micro-irrigation est donc une arme utile mais elle n\u2019est pas la seule puisque l\u2019Etat multiplie les stations de d\u00e9salinisation d\u2019eau de&nbsp;mer et les collectivit\u00e9s locales, les stations d\u2019\u00e9puration.<\/p>\n<p>Le long de la route interminable menant de Tel-Aviv \u00e0 Beer Sheva puis au kibboutz Hatzerim, l\u2019on croise des dizaines de plantations irrigu\u00e9es gr\u00e2ce au GAG. Mais pas une \u00e2me qui vive car les syst\u00e8mes les plus modernes sont g\u00e9r\u00e9s par ordinateur. Et souvent les agriculteurs d\u00e9clenchent l\u2019arrosage \u00e0 partir de leur smartphone. En tout cas, l\u2019informatique est utilis\u00e9e \u00e0 plein pour contr\u00f4ler le degr\u00e9 d\u2019humidit\u00e9 et les conditions de germination.&nbsp;\u00abUne \u00ab\u00a0high-tech\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019eau s\u2019est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e au fil du temps en Isra\u00ebl avec, pour seul objectif, de ne pas gaspiller la moindre goutte, en veillant \u00e0 ce que&nbsp;la plante re\u00e7oive exactement ce&nbsp;qu\u2019elle doit au moment le plus opportun\u00bb,&nbsp;assure Naty&nbsp;Barak.<\/p>\n<p>Recyclage.Vues d\u2019avions, certaines de ces plantations ressemblent \u00e0 de grands ronds verts coll\u00e9s comme des patchs sur la peau du d\u00e9sert. D\u2019autres ont pris la forme de carr\u00e9s impeccablement trac\u00e9s dans la rocaille. Pour alimenter ces r\u00e9seaux de \u00abspaghettis\u00bb qui les irriguent, les agriculteurs n\u2019utilisent que des eaux us\u00e9es, recycl\u00e9es, et transport\u00e9es par un r\u00e9seau ind\u00e9pendant de celui de l\u2019eau potable. Une autre prouesse m\u00e9connue de l\u2019Etat h\u00e9breu, puisque le taux de recyclage des eaux us\u00e9es dans ce pays atteint 87 % contre 20 % en moyenne dans le reste du monde.<\/p>\n<p><a _cke_saved_href=\"http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/auteur\/14836-nissim-behar\" href=\"http:\/\/www.liberation.fr\/auteur\/14836-nissim-behar\">Nissim Behar Correspondant en Isra\u00ebl<\/a>&nbsp;&#8211; Liberation<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>C\u2019est dans un kibboutz du N\u00e9guev qu\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es cinquante un syst\u00e8me de micro-irrigation aujourd\u2019hui export\u00e9 dans le monde entier. 75% des plantations agricoles et des espaces publics isra\u00e9liens en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient. Lorsqu\u2019Isra\u00ebl a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9 en&nbsp;1948, la ville de Beer Sheva n\u2019\u00e9tait qu\u2019un trou perdu au milieu du d\u00e9sert du N\u00e9guev. Une&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":59578,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L\u2019arme du \u00abgoutte \u00e0 goutte\u00bb face au d\u00e9sert | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"C\u2019est dans un kibboutz du N\u00e9guev qu\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 dans les 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