{"id":62760,"date":"2019-09-01T17:34:16","date_gmt":"2019-09-01T17:34:16","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-09-01T17:34:16","modified_gmt":"2019-09-01T17:34:16","slug":"salonique-modele-pour-un-etat-juif","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/salonique-modele-pour-un-etat-juif\/","title":{"rendered":"Salonique: mod\u00e8le pour un \u00c9tat juif"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<p itemprop=\"Headline\">Salonique: mod\u00e8le pour un \u00c9tat juif<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Le sultan ottoman Mehmed V a visit\u00e9 la ville de de Salonique (Gr\u00e8ce) en 1911 alors que son empire commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 se d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer autour de lui. Les Juifs de la ville ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 l\u2019accueillir. La grande majorit\u00e9 des juifs de Salonique \u00e9taient descendants de Juifs espagnols qui ont fui la p\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique en 1492. En 1519, les Juifs \u00e9taient la majorit\u00e9 de la population de la ville.<\/p>\n<p>Reconquista, \u00ab Reconqu\u00eate \u00bb) est la reconqu\u00eate par les royaumes chr\u00e9tiens des territoires de la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique et des \u00eeles Bal\u00e9ares occup\u00e9es par les musulmans. Il est commun\u00e9ment admis que la Reconquista commen\u00e7a lors de la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du VIIIe si\u00e8cle. Elle s\u2019ach\u00e8ve le 2 janvier 1492 dans l\u2019actuelle Espagne lorsque les \u00ab Rois catholiques \u00bb prennent le dernier bastion musulman \u00e0 Grenade.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019expulsion des Juifs d\u2019Espagne en 1492 est l\u2019un des \u00e9v\u00e9nements majeurs de l\u2019histoire juive. Elle marquant la fin d\u2019une pr\u00e9sence mill\u00e9naire et d\u2019une culture \u00e9panouie sur le sol ib\u00e9rique, elle entra\u00eene une diaspora massive remodelant consid\u00e9rablement le visage des communaut\u00e9s juives du bassin m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en et d\u2019une partie de l\u2019Europe occidentale, un d\u00e9veloppement majeur de la Kabbale et d\u2019un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne in\u00e9dit, le marranisme, dont les ramifications philosophiques contribueront \u00e0 la modernisation de l\u2019Europe et de ses id\u00e9aux.<\/p>\n<p>Le d\u00e9cret de l\u2019Alhambra est l\u2019\u00e9dit d\u2019expulsion des Juifs, sign\u00e9 le 31 mars 1492 par les Rois catholiques \u00e0 l\u2019Alhambra de Grenade, trois mois apr\u00e8s la prise de cette ville aux musulmans. Motiv\u00e9 par la volont\u00e9 de christianiser totalement \u00ab&nbsp;les Espagnes&nbsp;\u00bb m\u00e9di\u00e9vales en pr\u00e9lude \u00e0 leur unification, il entra\u00eene, quatre mois plus tard, l\u2019expulsion des Juifs d\u2019Espagne. Certains juifs ont choisi la conversion et d\u2019autres ont choisie l\u2019exil, et notamment l\u2019exile vers l\u2019empire ottoman.<\/p>\n<p>Les sources contemporaines de l\u2019expulsion indiquent un nombre d\u2019exil\u00e9s variant entre 40 000 et 100 000. Quant aux conversions, elles s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8veraient \u00e0 environ 250&nbsp;000.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de 1492 Salonique devint progressivement un foyer d\u2019accueil pour de nombreux Juifs en provenance d\u2019Espagne soit directement, soit apr\u00e8s un passage par le Portugal ou par l\u2019Italie du Sud, pays qui adopt\u00e8rent aussi ult\u00e9rieurement des arr\u00eats d\u2019expulsion. En effet, l\u2019Empire ottoman se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant \u00e0 la l\u00e9gislation musulmane sur les gens du Livre (en arabe ahl al-kit\u00e2b) qui accordait une protection aux chr\u00e9tiens et Juifs soumis au statut de dhimmi accepta et m\u00eame encouragea l\u2019installation sur son territoire des Juifs touch\u00e9s par les d\u00e9crets d\u2019expulsion.<\/p>\n<p>Les premiers S\u00e9pharades arriv\u00e8rent d\u00e8s 1492 en provenance de Majorque. Ils \u00e9taient des \u00ab repentants \u00bb revenus au juda\u00efsme apr\u00e8s leur conversion forc\u00e9e au catholicisme. En 1493, des Castillans et des Siciliens les rejoignirent puis, les ann\u00e9es suivantes, d\u2019autres Juifs issus de ses contr\u00e9es vinrent mais aussi des Aragonais, des Valenciens, des Calabrais, des V\u00e9nitiens, des Apuliens, des Proven\u00e7aux et des Napolitains. Plus tard, entre 1540 et 1560, ce fut au tour des Portugais de chercher refuge \u00e0 Salonique \u00e0 la suite de la politique de pers\u00e9cution des marranes de ce pays. En plus de ces s\u00e9pharades arriv\u00e8rent quelques ashk\u00e9nazes originaires d\u2019Autriche, de Transylvanie et de Hongrie parfois transf\u00e9r\u00e9s de force lors de s\u00fcrg\u00fcn, suite de la conqu\u00eate de ces terres par Soliman le Magnifique \u00e0 partir de 1526. Ainsi les registres de Salonique indiquent la pr\u00e9sence de \u00ab Juifs de Buda \u00bb apr\u00e8s la conqu\u00eate de cette ville par les Turcs en 1541.<\/p>\n<p>Tant et si bien qu\u2019en 1519, les Juifs repr\u00e9sentaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 56 % des habitants et en 1613, 68 %.<\/p>\n<p>En 1912, \u00e0 la suite de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre balkanique, les Grecs prirent le contr\u00f4le de Salonique aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s des Bulgares puis finirent par int\u00e9grer la ville \u00e0 leur territoire. Ce changement de souverainet\u00e9 fut mal v\u00e9cu par les Juifs qui craignaient que le rattachement ne leur nuise, inqui\u00e9tude renforc\u00e9e par les propagandes bulgare, serbe et autrichienne qui souhaitaient rallier les Juifs \u00e0 leur cause. Certains Juifs milit\u00e8rent alors pour l\u2019internationalisation de la ville sous la protection des grandes puissances europ\u00e9ennes mais leur proposition ne re\u00e7ut que peu d\u2019\u00e9chos, l\u2019Europe ayant accept\u00e9 le fait accompli. Les Grecs prirent n\u00e9anmoins certaines mesures provisoires visant \u00e0 favoriser l\u2019int\u00e9gration des Juifs comme en les laissant travailler le dimanche et en leur permettant ainsi d\u2019observer le chabbat. L\u2019\u00e9conomie tira b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de l\u2019annexion qui ouvrait \u00e0 Salonique les portes du march\u00e9 de la Gr\u00e8ce septentrionale et de la Serbie avec laquelle l\u2019Hellade avait pass\u00e9 une alliance ; l\u2019installation des troupes de l\u2019arm\u00e9e d\u2019Orient, \u00e0 la suite du d\u00e9clenchement de la Premi\u00e8re Guerre mondiale, provoqua ensuite un regain de l\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e9conomique. Le gouvernement grec voyait d\u2019un bon \u0153il le d\u00e9veloppement du sionisme et l\u2019\u00e9tablissement d\u2019un foyer juif en Palestine, ce qui convergeait avec la volont\u00e9 grecque de d\u00e9membrer l\u2019Empire ottoman. Mustafa Kemal Pacha, un homme d\u2019\u00c9tat turc, fondateur et premier pr\u00e9sident de la R\u00e9publique de Turquie de 1923 \u00e0 1938 naquit en 1881 \u00e0 Salonique. La ville re\u00e7ut la visite de grands leaders sionistes, Ben Gourion, Ben Zvi et Jabotinsky qui voyaient en Salonique la ville juive mod\u00e8le dont devrait s\u2019inspirer leur futur \u00ab&nbsp;\u00c9tat Isra\u00ebl\u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>FTU<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Salonique: mod\u00e8le pour un \u00c9tat juif &nbsp; Le sultan ottoman Mehmed V a visit\u00e9 la ville de de Salonique (Gr\u00e8ce) en 1911 alors que son empire commen\u00e7ait \u00e0 se d\u00e9t\u00e9riorer autour de lui. Les Juifs de la ville ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 l\u2019accueillir. La grande majorit\u00e9 des juifs de Salonique \u00e9taient descendants de Juifs espagnols qui&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":62761,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-62760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Salonique: mod\u00e8le pour un \u00c9tat juif | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Salonique: mod\u00e8le pour un \u00c9tat juif &nbsp; 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