{"id":63078,"date":"2019-11-18T01:51:57","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T01:51:57","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-11-18T01:51:57","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T01:51:57","slug":"remous-au-pays-du-cedre-david-bensoussan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/remous-au-pays-du-cedre-david-bensoussan\/","title":{"rendered":"Remous au pays du C\u00e8dre – David Bensoussan"},"content":{"rendered":"

Remous au pays du C\u00e8dre<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

David Bensoussan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur est professeur de sciences \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Depuis l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du Liban en 1943, les principaux postes du gouvernement libanais sont r\u00e9partis sur une base confessionnelle : le pr\u00e9sident doit \u00eatre un chr\u00e9tien maronite, le premier ministre un musulman sunnite et le pr\u00e9sident de la Chambre des d\u00e9put\u00e9s doit \u00eatre un musulman chiite. Le gouvernement actuel a \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9 en octobre 2016 apr\u00e8s deux ans de n\u00e9gociations opposant le mouvement du 14 mars \u00e0 celui du 8 mars.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Un gouvernement multiconfessionnel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Le mouvement du 14 mars regroupe<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> les partis oppos\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019ing\u00e9rence syrienne au Liban et comprend : l\u2019Alliance du futur, parti sunnite dirig\u00e9 par Saad Hariri (28 si\u00e8ges sur 128 aux \u00e9lections de 2018), les Forces libanaises dirig\u00e9es par Samir Gagea (15) qui repr\u00e9sente le courant chr\u00e9tien oppos\u00e9 \u00e0 la Syrie ainsi que le parti socialiste progressiste (16) dirig\u00e9 par Walid Jumblatt qui recrute ses membres au sein de la minorit\u00e9 druze. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Le mouvement du 8 mars <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>est venu contrer celui du<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span> 14 mars : en font partie : L<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>e Courant patriotique libre dirig\u00e9 par Gebran Bassil, neveu du pr\u00e9sident Aoun (24 si\u00e8ges), le parti Amal (17) qui est un parti chiite dirig\u00e9 par Nabih Berri (en poste depuis 1992) ainsi que le Hezbollah (14). <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Le ras-le-bol de la population<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Or, les manifestations qui se d\u00e9roulent aujourd\u2019hui au Liban touchent l\u2019ensemble de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, toutes confessions confondues. Le cinqui\u00e8me de la population libanaise a d\u00e9fil\u00e9 dans la rue pour contester la classe politique. Le Hezbollah ne veut pas des \u00e9lections anticip\u00e9es alors qu\u2019il fait la pluie et le beau temps \u00e0 la gouvernance du Liban ; ses militants arm\u00e9s de b\u00e2tons ont tent\u00e9 d\u2019intimider les manifestants. Le premier ministre Hariri a offert sa d\u00e9mission le 29 octobre. Celle-ci a suivi de celle de Samir Gagea du parti des Forces libanaises. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Que veulent les manifestants ?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Le Liban d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui est devenu m\u00e9connaissable en raison de l\u2019\u00e9conomie chancelante, des pannes d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et de la voirie d\u00e9sorganis\u00e9e. Les manifestants exigent la d\u00e9mission de la classe politique dans son ensemble, qu\u2019ils accusent de corruption et de collusion.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

<\/a>Au Liban, 25% du revenu national est d\u00e9tenu par 10% de la population. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>Le ch\u00f4mage atteint 30%, le taux d\u2019inflation est de 7% et la dette nationale (publique et externe)  s\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 150% du PNB. La perception de corruption place le Liban \u00e0 la 140e<\/sup> position sur 190 pays. Craignant la fuite des capitaux, les banques ont ferm\u00e9 leur porte plus d\u2019une fois. Ce fut la taxation de l\u2019utilisation de WhatsApp qui aura \u00e9t\u00e9 la goutte qui a fait d\u00e9border le vase. Cette taxe a \u00e9t\u00e9 annul\u00e9e depuis.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

La confiance des manifestants dans les promesses politiciennes est \u00e0 son plus bas. Ils r\u00e9clament une r\u00e9forme structurelle de la gouvernance, soit un nouveau gouvernement de technocrates non affili\u00e9s \u00e0 des partis sectaires, qui fassent de l\u2019emploi leur priorit\u00e9. \u00c0 noter que tout au long des manifestations, l\u2019arm\u00e9e n\u2019a pas fait usage de la force. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

L\u2019ombre de l\u2019Iran<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\n

Le Hezbollah est un parti chiite militant qui re\u00e7oit de l\u2019Iran des subsides annuels de 800 millions de dollars. Son dirigeant <\/span><\/span><\/span>Nasrallah, tout comme ceux du gouvernement iranien, accuse les manifestants d\u2019\u00eatre manipul\u00e9s par des agents \u00e9trangers. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Hezbollah <\/span><\/span><\/span>dispose de 6 000 combattants arm\u00e9s et de pr\u00e8s de 130 000 missiles et fait fi du gouvernement ou de l\u2019arm\u00e9e libanaise. Par ses interventions arm\u00e9es, il ne fait que contribuer \u00e0 la destruction de Syrie et de l\u2019Irak alors que les populations de ces pays sont s\u00e9v\u00e8rement touch\u00e9es par les guerres, les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et la s\u00e9cheresse. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le Hezbollah tire sa force de la pression qu\u2019il exerce sur l\u2018ensemble du pays. Il a investi Beyrouth en 2008 et il en a r\u00e9sult\u00e9 des affrontements qui ont fait 80 morts. Le gouvernement libanais est tomb\u00e9 en 2011 \u00e0 la suite du refus du mouvement du 8 mars d\u2019accepter les conclusions de l\u2019enqu\u00eate du Conseil de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 de l\u2019ONU sur la responsabilit\u00e9 du Hezbollah dans l\u2019assassinat d\u2019Hariri p\u00e8re. Par la suite, des proches du premier ministre Saad Hariri (Wissam al-Hassan et Mohammed Chatah) furent assassin\u00e9s. Ce sera seulement en fin 2016 qu\u2019un nouveau gouvernement sera form\u00e9, son pr\u00e9sident Michel Aoun \u00e9tant support\u00e9 par le Hezbollah. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c0 Beyrouth – comme \u00e0 Bagdad – les chiites sont descendus dans la rue pour manifester leur m\u00e9contentement. Dans les pays du Croissant fertile, les manifestations d\u00e9plorent les conditions socio-\u00e9conomiques et critiquent l\u2019hubris iranienne. En Irak, la foule a exprim\u00e9 clairement son ressentiment envers l\u2019Iran et des tireurs embusqu\u00e9s ont fait des centaines de morts. Au Liban, les critiques envers le Hezbollah et l\u2019Iran se font encore \u00e0 mi-voix.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jamais l\u2019influence iranienne dans le Croissant Fertile n\u2019aura \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi menac\u00e9e. Accul\u00e9 au mur par les sanctions \u00e9conomiques am\u00e9ricaines, l\u2019Iran craint de perdre son influence au Levant et durcit ses positions. Pour y consolider sa domination, il a la possibilit\u00e9 de recourir aux milices qu\u2019il contr\u00f4le, au d\u00e9triment du bien-\u00eatre des populations.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Remous au pays du C\u00e8dre David Bensoussan L\u2019auteur est professeur de sciences \u00e0 l\u2019Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec Depuis l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance du Liban en 1943, les principaux postes du gouvernement libanais sont r\u00e9partis sur une base confessionnelle : le pr\u00e9sident doit \u00eatre un chr\u00e9tien maronite, le premier ministre un musulman sunnite et le pr\u00e9sident de la Chambre des… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":63079,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-63078","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nRemous au pays du C\u00e8dre - 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