{"id":6437,"date":"2016-04-27T01:57:17","date_gmt":"2016-04-27T01:57:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/?p=6437"},"modified":"2016-04-26T23:07:24","modified_gmt":"2016-04-26T23:07:24","slug":"le-pessah-des-derniers-juifs-de-tunisie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/le-pessah-des-derniers-juifs-de-tunisie\/","title":{"rendered":"LE PESSAH DES DERNIERS JUIFS DE TUNISIE"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\tLE PESSAH DES DERNIERS JUIFS DE TUNISIE<\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\t <\/p>\n

\n\t\t\tPar Jacques BENILLOUCHE<\/p>\n

\n\t\t\tcopyright © Temps et Contretemps<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\tDeux juifs américains, Paul Rosenfeld et Noah Rayman sont partis à la recherche des juifs de Tunisie à l’occasion des fêtes de Pessah et ils ont rapporté un témoignage émouvant, surtout pour ceux qui ont connu l’âge d’or de ce pays. Ils ont côtoyé les derniers juifs qui s’accrochent encore à leurs racines, face à l’exode irrémédiable d’une communauté qui n’a plus d’avenir.<\/p>\n

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\n\t\tPessah triste<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\t\tIls ont rencontré le rabbin Daniel Cohen qui, avec sa femme et ses dix enfants, a migré pour la fête de Pessah, de leur appartement de Tunis vers leur maison située en bord de mer à la Goulette, à une dizaine de kilomètres de la capitale. Daniel est l’homme à tout faire pour les affaires religieuses de la communauté qui ne compte plus que 300 à 400 âmes à Tunis. D’ordinaire il enseigne en semaine à 27 élèves de la seule école juive existante et il passe tous les week-ends à officier dans l’unique synagogue de la Goulette, ville qui comptait, à l’âge d’or, plus de 13 lieux de culte. Le Deauville de Tunis était longtemps resté le lieu de villégiature du week-end et des vacances lorsque la population prospère de Tunisie s’y installait dans ses villas. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"LE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSynagogue Beith Mordechai à la Goulette avec le fils Cohen<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\n\t\tDaniel a passé la semaine à superviser la production de produits alimentaires cachers, souvent importés, avant de rejoindre son hypothétique «miniane», le nombre minimum de dix juifs pour participer à l’office du Shabbat. Le Talmud de Jérusalem fait le lien entre le nombre de 10 personnes exigées pour le miniane et les 10 frères de Joseph lorsqu'ils descendent en Égypte lors de la famine dans le pays de Canaan. C'est pourquoi l'on prie en groupe, non seulement pour soi, mais pour le groupe avec la volonté de changer les choses.<\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\tIl est loin le temps où Daniel se déplaçait en kippa ornée d’un liséré en or, alors qu'à présent il la cache sous sa casquette de base-ball Nike.  Il ne craint pas pour sa vie mais il estime qu’il est inutile de faire de la provocation en ces temps islamistes. Il sait qu’il ne fait pas illusion. Il est vrai qu'il reste reconnaissable parmi la population arabe mais il avoue que «les tunisiens ne font plus de différence aujourd’hui entre les juifs et Israël». <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"LE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCimetière profané au Kef<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

\n\t\t\t    
\n\t\t\tIl reste cependant mitigé sur le nouveau régime bien qu’il affirme que, depuis la révolution de 2011, le gouvernement islamiste tunisien s’est engagé à protéger la communauté juive qui a compté jusqu’à 110.000 juifs exilés en France et en Israël en trois vagues, l’indépendance de la Tunisie en 1956, la crise de Bizerte en 1961 et la Guerre de Six-Jours en 1967. Il estime qu’il ne voit aucun avenir dans cette communauté qui vient de subir encore la profanation de plusieurs cimetières juifs, suffisamment pour susciter l’inquiétude de ses derniers résidents irréductibles. En effet, le 4 février dans le cimetière du Kef, plusieurs tombes juives ont été profanées avec des sigles nazis.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\tVestiges de la tradition juive<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\tPlus d’un millier de juifs s’accrochent encore à leur terre natale, en majorité dans l’ile de Djerba. À Tunis la gestion de la communauté s’effectue dans une ancienne école juive qui pour l’occasion permet aux juifs pratiquants de trouver les principaux produits cachers comme le vin, les épices et les matsot.     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"LE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBrigitte Hayoun (Photo Paul Rosenfeld)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

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\n\t\t\tBrigitte Hayoun, installée dans l’auditorium de l’ancienne école,  présente les quelques produits indispensables à la confection des mets cachers de Pessah : «c’est peu de choses mais il y a le minimum. A Paris on considèrerait cela comme négligeable». Son fils vient d’arriver de Paris pour les vacances et elle veut jouir de cet instant éphémère de bonheur : «Pour l'instant, nous sommes ici. Demain, nous ne savons pas.»<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\tDes centaines de boucheries cachères, épiceries et restaurant de l’époque, il ne reste plus que deux vestiges qui vivotent difficilement. L’usine de matsot de la rue Arago n’existe plus. Le rabbin Daniel a dû se démener pour obtenir la supervision d’une fabrication spéciale de vin car les caves juives Bokobsa ont définitivement fermé en Tunisie. 
\n\t\tLa communauté juive s’étiole et avec elle la jeunesse. Moshé Uzan, un jeune de 24 ans, explique qu’il est le seul de ses camarades de classe primaire à être resté, «les autres sont partis en France ou à l’étranger» ; pour lui l’étranger est un euphémisme car il se refuse à prononcer Israël dans cette terre d’islam. Il est un cas spécial car il a passé ses dix dernières années à étudier à Paris, en Israël et à New-York pour décider malgré tout de retourner à Tunis. Il vient d’y ouvrir une société immobilière chargée des biens des expatriés : «J’ai un contrat moral avec mes parents. Je peux aller à l’étranger mais je dois revenir pour les vacances et les fêtes. Je n’ai jamais raté Pessah ».<\/p>\n

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\n\t\tPas de politique<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\t <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"LE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tRoger Bismuth et les dirigeants d'Ennahda<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tRoger Bismuth, président de la communauté juive de Tunisie refuse de s’adresser aux médias étrangers sur les problèmes des juifs tunisiens : «Je ne suis pas une minorité dans mon pays. Je suis un tunisien. Je suis le président de la communauté juive, mais je refuse de parler des juifs et des juifs face aux problèmes du pays.».<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"LE<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLe grand rabbin Bittan avec le président Marzouki<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n

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\n\t\tHaïm Bittan, Grand Rabbin de Tunisie préfère lui aussi qu’on ne parle pas trop de sa communauté. La mise à la lumière de ses ouailles peut leur causer du tort à l’heure où les islamistes régentent tout. Il a d’ailleurs refusé le projet de loi qui devait accorder des sièges au Parlement, réservés à des représentants de la communauté juive en Tunisie : «la communauté juive en Tunisie compte 1.700 membres sur une population globale de 11 millions, un chiffre qui ne permet pas logiquement de postuler à un siège au Parlement».<\/p>\n

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\n\t\tLes juifs de Tunisie sont comme toutes les minorités infimes dans les pays arabes. Ils s’accrochent désespérément à leur terre natale malgré une vie dominée par les islamistes, soit pour des raisons bassement matérielles, soit par conviction. Ils attendent sereinement le jour où ils seront contraints de la quitter sous la pression politique ou sous la pression des antisémites qui voient dans tout juif un israélien déguisé.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\n\tThe Last Jews of Tunisia<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\tby Paul Rosenfeld<\/a>, Noah Rayman<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n\t\tOn the eve of Passover, a small community reflects on a modern exodus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tDaniel Cohen packs the taxi trunk with a jug of canola oil, a week’s worth of clothes, and a pair of dress shoes. His wife and 10 kids have already made the 30-minute trip from their apartment in Tunis to their 3-bedroom home in the waterfront suburb of La Goulette, where Cohen and his family will spend the Passover holiday that starts on Monday.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\"130324-Vanishing-Jews-Tunisia-tease\"<\/p>

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\n\t\tA butcher takes a break from work to smoke “shisha,” the Tunisian word for “water pipe,” outside one of the two remaining kosher meat sellers in Tunis. The word “kosher” is written on the shop in both Hebrew and Arabic. (Paul Rosenfeld)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\n\t\t\tCohen is something of an all-purpose religious leader in the dwindling community of 300 Jews here in Tunisia’s capital. During the week, he’s a teacher at the region’s only Jewish school (enrollment: 27) in downtown Tunis, and on the weekend he’s the unofficial rabbi at the only synagogue in La Goulette, a town once known for its thriving Jewish population that filled 13 synagogues.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tHaving spent the week overseeing production of the Tunis’s kosher-for-Passover food, Cohen is returning Friday afternoon to lead his congregation, all 10 who show up, in Sabbath services.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tHe strikes up conversation with the cab driver, the gold trim of his yarmulke, the Jewish head covering, slightly exposed from under the back of his Nike baseball cap.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tLater, in French, he explains that he prefers to keep his yarmulke hidden.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\t“Tunisians don’t understand Jews,” he says. “All they know is Israel.”<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tRabbi Daniel Cohen speaks about Passover in Tunisia.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tFollowing the 2011 revolution<\/a>, the moderate Islamist-led Tunisian government pledged to protect its dwindling Jewish community, which once numbered more than 100,000. But the recent desecration of several Jewish cemeteries<\/a> is only the latest incident to spark concern over the long-term viability of this storied Jewish community.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tThe first mass exodus began in 1956, with Tunisia’s independence<\/a> from France coinciding with a surge in Arab nationalism. Over the next 10 years, following the Bizerte crisis (1961) with France and the Six-Day War (1967), tens of thousands fled the country amid anti-Jewish riots.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tToday Tunisia<\/a> is home to about 1,000 Jews, most of whom reside in the isolated community on the southern coastal island of Djerba.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tIn Tunis, the privately run Jewish Community in Tunisia, housed in a former Jewish school downtown, has become the lifeline for observant Jews preparing for the Passover holiday, selling kosher-for-Passover Tunisian wine, spices, and baked goods (with an almond or potato base), as well as imported matzo.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\t“Look, we don’t have much,” says Brigitte Hayoun, who staffs a table in the former school’s auditorium strewn with eight types of Tunisian-grown spices specially ground according to Passover requirements. “There’s just the minimum. If we were in Paris, there would be the little things.”<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\"130324-Vanishing-Jews-Tunisia-embed\"<\/p>

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\n\t\tRabbi Daniel Cohen’s son Carmiel stands outside the Beit Mordechai Synagogue in La Goulette before Friday-night services. Rabbi Cohen serves as a schoolteacher and rabbi for the remaining 300 Jews in Tunisia’s capital city and its suburbs. (Paul Rosenfeld)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\t“Tunisians don’t understand Jews,” he says. “All they know is Israel.”<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

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\n\t\t\tTwo kosher butcher shops are the only vestiges of the kosher markets, grocers, restaurants, and even a matzo factory that once served the community’s dietary restrictions.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tLast year the city’s only remaining kosher winery closed up shop as its owner went into retirement. Scrambling to find a replacement in time to put in an order for the coming holiday, Cohen found a producer who agreed to allow him to oversee production of a kosher batch for Passover.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tBut the challenges facing the future of a Tunisian Jewish community are most apparent among the younger generation—or lack thereof. Among his eight primary school classmates, 24-year-old Moshe Uzan says that only one other remains in Tunisia. The rest left for France or “abroad,” he says, a Tunisian Jewry code word to avoid association with Israel.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tUzan spent the previous 10 years studying in Paris, Israel, and New York City, returning to Tunis this winter to start a real estate business focused on managing expat Tunisians’ property.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\t“The contract with my parents is like this: I can go abroad, but I have to come back for holidays,” he says. “Sukkoth, I missed it twice. Passover, I never missed it.”<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tFor the older generation, the community here is inextricably linked to Tunisian society and its postrevolution ailments, including an unemployment rate above 16 percent.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\"130324-Vanishing-Jews-Tunisia-embed-02\"<\/p>

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\n\t\tBrigitte Hayoun sells kosher-for-Passover Tunisian spices and wine from the auditorium of one of the former Jewish day schools, which now serves as the office for the Jewish Community in Tunisia. (Paul Rosenfeld)<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\n\t\t<\/a><\/p>\n

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\n\t\t\tRoger Bismuth, the president of the Jewish Community of Tunisia, has a self-imposed rule against talking to foreign journalists about Tunisian Jews.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\t“I am not a minority in my country. I am a Tunisian,” Bismuth says. “I am president of the Jewish community, but I refuse to talk about the Jews. The Jews face the problems of the country.”<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\tHayoun, selling kosher goods for Passover at the Jewish Community offices, says she has no plans to leave Tunisia.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n

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\n\t\t\t“For now, we’re here,” says Hayoun, whose son returned from Paris for the holiday. “Tomorrow, we don’t know.”<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                LE PESSAH DES DERNIERS JUIFS DE TUNISIE     Par Jacques BENILLOUCHE copyright © Temps et Contretemps       Deux juifs américains, Paul Rosenfeld et Noah Rayman sont partis à la recherche des juifs de Tunisie à l’occasion des fêtes de Pessah et ils ont rapporté… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":17900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14,156,15,155,307,13,381,9,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6437","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paris","category-person-career","category-religion","category-roger-bismuth","category-social-issues","category-tunis","category-tunisia","category-tunisie","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"\nLE PESSAH DES DERNIERS JUIFS DE TUNISIE | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Deux juifs am\u00e9ricains, Paul Rosenfeld et 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