{"id":65445,"date":"2021-06-27T21:27:22","date_gmt":"2021-06-27T21:27:22","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-06-27T21:27:22","modified_gmt":"2021-06-27T21:27:22","slug":"les-juifs-de-new-york-premiere-communaute-juive-de-la-diaspora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/les-juifs-de-new-york-premiere-communaute-juive-de-la-diaspora\/","title":{"rendered":"Les Juifs de New-York, premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"headerBillet\">\n<p>Les Juifs de New-York, premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bodyBillet\">\n<div class=\"field-items field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Avec <strong>1,6 millions de Juifs<\/strong>, New York abrite en 2021 la premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora et, de fait, le centre n\u00e9vralgique et id\u00e9ologique du juda\u00efsme mondial. Toutes les grandes organisations juives internationales y ont leur si\u00e8ge ou y sont fortement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Des Juifs vivaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e0 New York avant m\u00eame que la ville ne porte ce nom. Et, surtout, c\u2019est \u00e0 New York que l\u2019on rencontre la plus grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de Juifs, des orthodoxes aux lib\u00e9raux en passant par les Budjews, des Juifs qui pratiquent le bouddhisme. Certains aiment dire que New York est la \u00ab J\u00e9rusalem du Nouveau Monde \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00ab\u00a0Vivent ici, dit Corinne Levitt, l\u2019une des meilleures sp\u00e9cialistes de la question, des Am\u00e9ricains juifs et des Juifs am\u00e9ricains\u00a0\u00bb. Les premiers vivent aux \u00c9tats-Unis depuis plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations et sont profond\u00e9ment am\u00e9ricanis\u00e9s. Les seconds, arriv\u00e9s plus r\u00e9cemment, ont conserv\u00e9 les m\u0153urs de leur terre d\u2019origine.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Certains sont fran\u00e7ais d\u2019autres viennent d\u2019Isra\u00ebl (150 000 \u00e0 New York), d\u2019Allemagne, de Pologne, de l\u2019empire austro-hongrois, de Russie ou d\u2019ailleurs. Ils sont de nationalit\u00e9 am\u00e9ricaine ou sur le point de l\u2019\u00eatre. Pour le sociologue Michel Maffesoli, ils font partie des \u00ab tribus urbaines \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vingt-trois. Ils \u00e9taient <strong>vingt-trois, les premiers Juifs<\/strong> \u00e0 avoir mis les pieds \u00e0 New York. C\u2019\u00e9tait en <strong>1654<\/strong> et la ville s\u2019appelait alors Nouvelle-Amsterdam. D\u00e9barqu\u00e9s d\u2019un navire, le Saint-Charles, ils sont tr\u00e8s mal accueillis par le gouverneur, Peter Stuyvesant qui n\u2019h\u00e9site pas \u00e0 les qualifier de \u00ab race fourbe \u00bb et de \u00ab blasph\u00e9mateurs et ennemis du Christ \u00bb. Menac\u00e9s d\u2019expulsion d\u00e8s 1655, victimes de mesures vexatoires et de limitation d\u2019activit\u00e9s, ces premiers Juifs font faire le gros dos et il faudra attendre la conqu\u00eate anglaise en 1664 pour pouvoir se sentir un peu plus libres. Toutefois, comme la \u00ab Charter of Liberties \u00bb promulgu\u00e9e en 1683 n\u2019autorisait que les Chr\u00e9tiens \u00e0 pratiquer leur religion en public, la <strong>premi\u00e8re synagogue new-yorkaise, Shearit Israel<\/strong>, ne voit le jour qu\u2019en <strong>1729<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Entre 1654 et 1820, la communaut\u00e9 juive, certains pr\u00e9f\u00e8rent dire la \u00ab soci\u00e9t\u00e9 juive \u00bb va se construire peu \u00e0 peu. <strong>En 1820, il y a 60 000 Juifs \u00e0 New York.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1821 marque un \u00e9v\u00e9nement notable, une premi\u00e8re : un Juif, Mordecha\u00ef Manuel Noah, membre du parti d\u00e9mocrate, est \u00e9lu High Sheriff de New York. Il sera plus tard consul \u00e0 Tunis.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans l\u2019ensemble, \u00e0 cette \u00e9poque, les Juifs pratiquent le commerce, derri\u00e8re un comptoir ou \u00e0 cheval \u00e0 travers les campagnes. Leur sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9, c\u2019est l\u2019achat et la vente de biens en tous genres.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Entre 1870 et 1920, le nombre de Juifs va cro\u00eetre de mani\u00e8re exponentielle. Ils sont 4% de la population en 1870 et passent \u00e0 29% cinquante ans plus tard. Le commerce n\u2019est plus leur pr\u00e9occupation principale m\u00eame si beaucoup se lancent dans le porte-\u00e0-porte. Les voil\u00e0 qui s\u2019impliquent dans l\u2019industrie vestimentaire, la fabrication du verre, la confection de cigares. En 1930, la moiti\u00e9 des m\u00e9decins, des dentistes, des avocats et des instituteurs new-yorkais sont juifs. En 1930 aussi, on voit un Juif d\u2019origine italienne, Fiorello La Guardia, \u00eatre \u00e9lu maire de la ville.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Les Juifs s\u2019impliquent d\u00e9sormais fortement en politique et dans le combat syndical. Ils sont tr\u00e8s nombreux au sein des sections du parti socialiste \u00e0 Manhattan et dans le Bronx et, dans les ann\u00e9es 30, 40% des membres du Communist Party of the USA sont juifs. On parle \u00e0 pr\u00e9sent ouvertement d\u2019un \u00ab vote juif \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La vie juive s\u2019organise, les synagogues se construisent et, d\u00e9sormais, les Juifs disposent d\u2019un quotidien, le Forward.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u2019un point de vue religieux, les Juifs de New York se r\u00e9partissent entre Orthodoxes (14%), R\u00e9form\u00e9s (34%), Conservateurs et Reconstructionnistes (1%). Il existe \u00e9galement \u00e0 Harlem une congr\u00e9gation de Juifs noirs, l\u2019Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation, qui compte deux mille membres.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 1972, pour la premi\u00e8re fois, une femme, Sally Preisand, a \u00e9t\u00e9 ordonn\u00e9e rabbin. Le mouvement r\u00e9form\u00e9 s\u2019est largement ouvert aux homosexuels et il existe en son sein des rabbins homosexuels.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quant au hassidisme, on peut consid\u00e9rer que New York est la ville au monde o\u00f9 vivent le plus grand nombre de sectes hassidiques, formant de v\u00e9ritables enclaves : loubavitchs, satmars, bobovers\u2026<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bien que les Juifs de New York se soient tr\u00e8s t\u00f4t investis dans l\u2019action sociale et l\u2019aide aux d\u00e9favoris\u00e9s, devenant notamment les plus fervents partisans de la discrimination positive (Affirmative Action), on constate depuis quelques ann\u00e9es un refroidissement des relations avec la communaut\u00e9 noire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Enfin, dans le domaine des arts et de la culture, la contribution des Juifs de New York est exceptionnelle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Malgr\u00e9 les al\u00e9as dus \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9volution de la situation internationale et du conflit isra\u00e9lo-arabe, nul doute que les \u00ab enfants de Woody Allen \u00bb vivent heureux, en 2021, dans la \u00ab Goldene Medine \u00bb et que, tout compte fait, \u00e0 New York, \u00ab Jewish is beautiful \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Jean-Pierre Allali<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les Juifs de New-York, premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora Avec 1,6 millions de Juifs, New York abrite en 2021 la premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora et, de fait, le centre n\u00e9vralgique et id\u00e9ologique du juda\u00efsme mondial. Toutes les grandes organisations juives internationales y ont leur si\u00e8ge ou y sont fortement repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es. Des Juifs&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":65446,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Les Juifs de New-York, premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les Juifs de New-York, premi\u00e8re communaut\u00e9 juive de la diaspora Avec 1,6 millions 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