{"id":65731,"date":"2021-08-22T17:40:30","date_gmt":"2021-08-22T17:40:30","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-08-22T17:40:30","modified_gmt":"2021-08-22T17:40:30","slug":"jerusalem-capitale-des-imaginaires","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/jerusalem-capitale-des-imaginaires\/","title":{"rendered":"J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires<\/p>\n

Par Jean-Christophe Attias, Directeur d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes (EPHE) Sorbonne et Esther Benbassa, Directrice d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes, s\u00e9natrice verte (Paris) <\/p>\n<\/header>\n

Au cours de l\u2019histoire, la ville sainte a connu plus d\u2019un ma\u00eetre, et constitue un symbole pour plus d\u2019un peuple. Tel un territoire, elle doit pouvoir se partager.<\/p>\n

 J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires<\/p>\n

J\u00e9rusalem, capitale \u00e9ternelle du peuple juif ? Peut-\u00eatre. Mais elle n\u2019est pas que cela. Et elle ne l\u2019est pas en un seul sens. Selon d\u2019anciennes traditions rabbiniques, c\u2019est par l\u00e0 que Dieu aurait commenc\u00e9 la cr\u00e9ation de notre monde et \u00e0 partir de la poussi\u00e8re de ce lieu qu\u2019il aurait fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 le premier homme. C\u2019est l\u00e0 que Ca\u00efn et Abel auraient pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 leurs premi\u00e8res offrandes au Seigneur, qu\u2019ils se seraient disput\u00e9 et que Ca\u00efn aurait tu\u00e9 son fr\u00e8re. L\u00e0 aussi qu\u2019Abraham aurait conduit son fils Isaac pour l\u2019immoler comme Dieu l\u2019avait exig\u00e9 de lui, et qu\u2019un b\u00e9lier aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 substitu\u00e9 in extremis au rejeton promis au sacrifice. L\u00e0 enfin que le Temple aurait finalement \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9difi\u00e9 par le roi Salomon. Puis d\u00e9truit, \u00e0 deux reprises, par les Babyloniens et par les Romains.<\/p>\n

Cent fois conquise, cent fois perdue<\/h3>\n

J\u00e9rusalem, lieu g\u00e9ographique, pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment situable sur une carte. J\u00e9rusalem, lieu de l\u2019histoire \u00e9galement. De l\u2019histoire des Juifs, mais aussi, et aux yeux des Juifs eux-m\u00eames, de l\u2019histoire du monde. J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires enfin. Les Juifs n\u2019ont jamais cess\u00e9 d\u2019en r\u00eaver, d\u2019aspirer \u00e0 sa reconstruction et \u00e0 celle de son Temple, d\u2019esp\u00e9rer s\u2019y rassembler un jour. Certes. Mais J\u00e9rusalem est aussi le th\u00e9\u00e2tre de la Passion et le lieu de la s\u00e9pulture du Sauveur des chr\u00e9tiens \u2013 et la troisi\u00e8me ville sainte de l\u2019islam. Elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019enjeu de maintes luttes \u00e0 la fois imp\u00e9riales et religieuses. Cent fois conquise, cent fois perdue, apr\u00e8s la ruine d\u00e9finitive de tout espoir d\u2019autonomie politique juive, J\u00e9rusalem a connu plus d\u2019un ma\u00eetre : Romains, Byzantins, Arabes, Crois\u00e9s, Mamelouks, Ottomans, Britanniques\u2026<\/p>\n

Et les Juifs ont su se passer d\u2019elle, pendant les longs si\u00e8cles de leur exil, sans pour autant l\u2019oublier, et sans cesser de prier tourn\u00e9s vers elle. Ils en ont fait l\u2019horizon d\u2019une attente. Ils en ont fait une m\u00e9taphore, et ils lui ont trouv\u00e9 partout de prestigieux substituts diasporiques : Kairouan, J\u00e9rusalem d\u2019Afrique ; Tol\u00e8de, J\u00e9rusalem d\u2019Espagne ; Salonique, J\u00e9rusalem des Balkans ; Prague, J\u00e9rusalem de Boh\u00eame ; Vilna, J\u00e9rusalem de Lituanie\u2026 L\u00e0 o\u00f9 les Juifs \u00e9taient nombreux et o\u00f9 leur culture s\u2019\u00e9panouissait, l\u00e0 \u00e9tait \u00abJ\u00e9rusalem\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Tel-Aviv, la profane<\/h3>\n

Lorsque le nationalisme juif prend forme \u00e0 la fin du XIXe<\/sup> et au d\u00e9but du XXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, il se nourrit bien s\u00fbr de l\u2019\u00e9nergie de cette antique nostalgie. En la s\u00e9cularisant. Et non sans h\u00e9siter, au d\u00e9but au moins. Au point, pour Herzl lui-m\u00eame, d\u2019envisager un moment la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019une solution provisoire au probl\u00e8me juif en Afrique (le fameux projet \u00abougandais\u00bb). Ce n\u2019est que peu \u00e0 peu que la \u00abterre d\u2019Isra\u00ebl\u00bb, comme option de vie concr\u00e8te, a fini par s\u2019imposer aux artisans du sionisme politique. Ils n\u2019en ont pas moins longtemps tourn\u00e9 le dos aux territoires de l\u2019Isra\u00ebl biblique, et \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem, ils ont pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9 Tel-Aviv, ville cr\u00e9\u00e9e de toutes pi\u00e8ces, profane, ouverte sur la mer, d\u00e9lest\u00e9e du poids du Livre et de la Tradition. Et ce alors m\u00eame que les centaines de milliers d\u2019immigrants venus peupler le nouvel Etat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl ont pu avoir le sentiment de r\u00e9aliser le v\u0153u antique r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9 chaque ann\u00e9e, dans les familles, le soir de la P\u00e2que : \u00abL\u2019an prochain \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem !\u00bb<\/p>\n

La Guerre des Six Jours, en 1967, cr\u00e9e une c\u00e9sure. Elle assure la \u00abr\u00e9unification\u00bb de la Ville sainte et ouvre l\u2019\u00e8re nouvelle de l\u2019occupation de la Cisjordanie, que les colons appellent Jud\u00e9e-Samarie. La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 isra\u00e9lienne est alors prise un temps d\u2019une fi\u00e8vre messianique, la\u00efcs et religieux voient l\u00e0 un \u00abmiracle\u00bb. Le symbole redevient un lieu. L\u2019imaginaire se confond avec un espace.<\/p>\n

Or J\u00e9rusalem et la Jud\u00e9e-Samarie sont aussi des terres arabes. Le nier, l\u2019oublier ou faire mine de l\u2019oublier, juger le fait secondaire, ou purement accidentel, est bien une fa\u00e7on de faire insulte \u00e0 cette \u00abhistoire\u00bb dont le Pr\u00e9sident Trump a pr\u00e9tendu s\u2019inspirer. Soixante-dix ann\u00e9es de pouvoir isra\u00e9lien ne suffiront jamais \u00e0 effacer deux ou trois mill\u00e9naires d\u2019une histoire complexe, stratifi\u00e9e, contradictoire, juive certes, mais pas seulement.<\/p>\n

Sacrifier les r\u00eaves des uns aux r\u00eaves des autres revient \u00e0 condamner les acteurs pr\u00e9sents de cette histoire \u00e0 une ind\u00e9finie r\u00e9p\u00e9tition des drames sanglants qui l\u2019ont ponctu\u00e9e jusqu\u2019ici. Faire de J\u00e9rusalem la capitale \u00e9ternelle d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, d\u2019Isra\u00ebl d\u2019abord, et dans beaucoup d\u2019esprits d\u2019Isra\u00ebl seulement, c\u2019est ajouter, pour les Palestiniens, une humiliation suppl\u00e9mentaire \u00e0 la d\u00e9possession concr\u00e8te. J\u00e9rusalem est aussi l\u2019Al-Quds des Palestiniens. Les symboles ne se divisent pas, mais les territoires, eux, doivent pouvoir se partager.<\/p>\n

Trump : ignorant de l\u2019histoire et du terrain<\/h3>\n

La d\u00e9claration du pr\u00e9sident Trump n\u2019est que le fruit d\u2019une double ignorance : ignorance de l\u2019histoire, d\u2019abord, toute tiss\u00e9e qu\u2019elle est d\u2019imaginaires contraires et de trajectoires diverses, ignorance du terrain ensuite, de ses blessures et de ses trag\u00e9dies. En prenant le contre-pied de ses pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseurs, en d\u00e9cidant le transfert de l\u2019ambassade des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 J\u00e9rusalem, Donald Trump a probablement agi aussi sous l\u2019emprise des puissants lobbys pro-isra\u00e9liens am\u00e9ricains et chr\u00e9tiens mill\u00e9naristes, de ces milieux \u00e9vang\u00e9liques influents \u2013 sa client\u00e8le \u2013 qui, depuis le XIXe<\/sup>si\u00e8cle, voient dans le rassemblement des Juifs en Terre sainte un pr\u00e9lude n\u00e9cessaire \u00e0 la r\u00e9demption.<\/p>\n

Dans un tel contexte, le Crif et le Consistoire demandent \u00e0 Emmanuel Macron, qui a tout de suite marqu\u00e9 sa r\u00e9ticence, d\u2019embo\u00eeter le pas \u00e0 son homologue am\u00e9ricain. Une telle intervention est-elle bien raisonnable, quand les protestations d\u2019autres pays pleuvent depuis cette d\u00e9cision relevant plut\u00f4t du degr\u00e9 z\u00e9ro de la diplomatie ? Alors que les pourparlers isra\u00e9lo-palestiniens sont au point mort, l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne ayant d\u2019ailleurs une grande part de responsabilit\u00e9 dans cet \u00e9tat de fait, ce transfert d\u2019ambassade peut \u00eatre lourd de cons\u00e9quences, sonnant le glas de toute avanc\u00e9e et susceptible de mettre la rue palestinienne en \u00e9bullition et de d\u00e9stabiliser l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl lui-m\u00eame.<\/p>\n

Jean-Christophe Attias et Esther Benbassa sont les auteurs d\u2019Isra\u00ebl, la terre et le sacr\u00e9, <\/em>Champs Flammarion, 2001.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires Par Jean-Christophe Attias, Directeur d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes (EPHE) Sorbonne et Esther Benbassa, Directrice d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019Ecole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes, s\u00e9natrice verte (Paris)  Au cours de l\u2019histoire, la ville sainte a connu plus d\u2019un ma\u00eetre, et constitue un symbole pour plus d\u2019un peuple. Tel un territoire, elle doit pouvoir se… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":65732,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-65731","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nJ\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"J\u00e9rusalem, capitale des imaginaires Par Jean-Christophe Attias, Directeur d\u2019\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l\u2019\u00c9cole pratique des hautes \u00e9tudes (EPHE)\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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