{"id":66251,"date":"2021-12-19T00:31:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-19T00:31:00","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2021-12-19T00:31:00","modified_gmt":"2021-12-19T00:31:00","slug":"le-defi-pose-par-la-proliferation-des-satellites","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/le-defi-pose-par-la-proliferation-des-satellites\/","title":{"rendered":"Le d\u00e9fi pos\u00e9 par la prolif\u00e9ration des satellites"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Le d\u00e9fi pos\u00e9 par la prolif\u00e9ration des satellites<\/p>\n<\/header>\n

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Ce fut l\u2019auteur de science-fiction Arthur Clarke qui imagina en 1945 la communication par satellite g\u00e9ostationnaire par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019un satellite positionn\u00e9 sur une orbite terrestre circulaire dont la p\u00e9riode de rotation est la m\u00eame que celle de la terre, la force de gravitation \u00e9tant par ailleurs \u00e9gale \u00e0 la force centrip\u00e8te. Ainsi, un satellite en orbite g\u00e9ostationnaire reste sur la m\u00eame verticale par rapport \u00e0 un point donn\u00e9 sur la terre. Il peut servir \u00e0 la transmission et \u00e0 la r\u00e9ception de faisceaux directifs qui n\u2019ont pas besoin d\u2019\u00eatre r\u00e9orient\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Depuis le lancement du premier satellite russe Spoutnik en 1957, une grande famille de satellites a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e et l\u2019on distingue aujourd\u2019hui plusieurs familles de satellites classifi\u00e9es selon leur orbite (circulaire ou elliptique) ou par leur altitude (orbite g\u00e9ostationnaire, orbite elliptique \u00e9lev\u00e9e, moyenne ou basse).<\/p>\n

Un syst\u00e8me de communication satellite comprend des satellites dont les orbites ont des plans diff\u00e9rents de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 pouvoir couvrir l\u2019ensemble de la sph\u00e8re terrestre. La propagation des ondes \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques dans l\u2019espace fait souvent intervenir des antennes paraboliques ou des transmissions laser.<\/p>\n

Les premi\u00e8res g\u00e9n\u00e9rations de satellites furent destin\u00e9es essentiellement \u00e0 la communication mobile (Intelsat, Immarsat, Iridium, GlobalStar, Orbcomm, etc.). Elles ont fait place \u00e0 une nouvelle g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de syst\u00e8mes satellites destin\u00e9s aux transmissions vid\u00e9o et aux transmissions de donn\u00e9es de haut d\u00e9bit.<\/p>\n

L\u2019allocation des fr\u00e9quences DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9gul\u00e9e au niveau international et les \u00e9missions t\u00e9l\u00e9vis\u00e9es de la plan\u00e8te enti\u00e8re peuvent \u00eatre relay\u00e9es par satellite et \u00eatre re\u00e7ues par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire de terminaux \u00e0 tr\u00e8s petite ouverture (VSAT). Au fil des ann\u00e9es, la ma\u00eetrise technologique de fr\u00e9quences plus hautes a permis d\u2019op\u00e9rer avec des antennes de plus petite taille.<\/p>\n

Polyvalence des applications satellites<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les satellites servent comme moyen de navigation terrestre, a\u00e9rienne ou maritime (syst\u00e8mes GPS am\u00e9ricain, Glonass russe, Galil\u00e9e europ\u00e9en, Beidou chinois, NAVIC indien et QVSS japonais). Ils trouvent leur application dans l\u2019observation m\u00e9t\u00e9orologique ou spatiale, l\u2019\u00e9volution des changements climatiques, la mesure des variations du champ magn\u00e9tique terrestre, la gestion du trafic routier ou la meilleure planification de l\u2019agriculture. Les stations spatiales internationales (Skylab, Mir) effectuent des recherches avanc\u00e9es dans la science des mat\u00e9riaux et la recherche biologique dans des conditions de microgravit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

La g\u00e9n\u00e9ration cellulaire 6G va int\u00e9grer les satellites au r\u00e9seau cellulaire 5G afin de desservir l\u2019ensemble du globe et la septi\u00e8me g\u00e9n\u00e9ration 7G inclura la transhumance (roaming) dans l\u2019espace.<\/p>\n

Parmi les applications satellite, citons : la surveillance des \u00e9missions d\u2019oxyde de carbone \u00e0 partir de l\u2019espace par les satellites am\u00e9ricains OCO et japonais Ibuki ; le satellite d\u2019observation franco-isra\u00e9lien de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation terrestre de haute r\u00e9solution, V\u00e9nus ; le renseignement relatif aux \u00e9missions \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques terrestres et la surveillance maritime (HawkEye 360 \u00e9tatsunien et Unseenlabs fran\u00e7ais).<\/p>\n

Le satellite europ\u00e9en Planck et le t\u00e9lescope spatial am\u00e9ricain James Webb (qui sont en orbite autour du soleil, mais toujours derri\u00e8re la terre de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 observer l\u2019espace \u00e0 l\u2019abri des \u00e9missions solaires) cartographient l\u2019espace avec une pr\u00e9cision dont la r\u00e9solution angulaire et thermique est des plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es et vont permettre de mieux comprendre la structure et la formation de l\u2019univers.<\/p>\n

Fini le romantisme des nuits \u00e9toil\u00e9es ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Longtemps, les po\u00e8tes et les r\u00eaveurs ont admir\u00e9 le ciel et chant\u00e9 ses myst\u00e8res. Or, pr\u00e8s de 50% d\u2019Europ\u00e9ens et 80% d\u2019Am\u00e9ricains ne sont plus capables d\u2019observer la Voie lact\u00e9e en raison de la pollution lumineuse caus\u00e9e, entre autres facteurs, par l\u2019\u00e9clairage des rues. Qui plus est, la pl\u00e9thore de satellites artificiels de basse altitude risque de dominer la vision nocturne. Ce sont des nano satellites de plus en plus nombreux et non des \u00e9toiles filantes ou des m\u00e9t\u00e9orites qui sillonnent notre ciel nocturne et r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissent par moments la lumi\u00e8re solaire.<\/p>\n

Il y a pr\u00e8s de 3 500 satellites de communication actifs en orbite autour de la plan\u00e8te et ce nombre va d\u00e9passer les 40 000 \u00e0 la fin de la d\u00e9cennie. Mentionnons les projets de syst\u00e8mes satellites \u00e0 basse altitude en cours qui incluent les syst\u00e8mes am\u00e9ricains Kuiper et Starlink, fran\u00e7ais LeoSat, Britannique OneWeb et canadien Telesat. Des demandes de licence pour 100 000 satellites de communication d\u2019ici 2030 ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pos\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019Union internationale des t\u00e9l\u00e9communications (UIT).<\/p>\n

La tendance qui semble dominer le march\u00e9 est le lancement de nanosatellites (Tubesat, Cubesat, Ardusat\u2026). Les Cubesats sont des cubes de 10 cm de c\u00f4t\u00e9 pesant 1,2 kg. Plusieurs dizaines peuvent \u00eatre lanc\u00e9es dans l\u2019espace par une m\u00eame fus\u00e9e.<\/p>\n

Dangers de militarisation de l\u2019espace<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les satellites militaires effectuent des missions satellites de reconnaissance, de surveillance et d\u2019\u00e9coute \u00e9lectronique. Ils peuvent \u00e9galement d\u00e9tecter en temps r\u00e9el des lancements de missiles balistiques.<\/p>\n

Les satellites servent \u00e9galement \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la trajectoire de missiles et de drones et font l\u2019objet d\u2019une surveillance serr\u00e9e lorsqu\u2019ils ne constituent pas une cible prioritaire. Or, le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019armes antisatellites remet en question le principe de la non-interf\u00e9rence avec les communications satellitaires et augmente les risques de fausse perception des intentions de l\u2019adversaire. En effet, les satellites sont \u00e9quip\u00e9s de senseurs ultrasensibles qui permettent une surveillance serr\u00e9e des arsenaux nucl\u00e9aires de pays adversaires et la conformit\u00e9 aux trait\u00e9s sur la limitation des armements strat\u00e9giques (tels SALT et START). La Chine, les \u00c9tats-Unis, la France, l\u2019Inde et la Russie ont mis sur pied des unit\u00e9s qui s\u2019int\u00e9ressent \u00e0 la militarisation de l\u2019espace.<\/p>\n

Les essais de destruction de satellites effectu\u00e9s par la Chine et la Russie viennent encombrer encore plus l\u2019anneau des satellites ou de d\u00e9bris de satellites gravitant autour de la terre. La destruction d\u2019un satellite peut lib\u00e9rer des dizaines de milliers d\u2019\u00e9clats de m\u00e9tal. Il peut s\u2019ensuivre des collisions destructives et dangereuses avec les satellites en orbite. Par ailleurs, des op\u00e9rations de brouillage \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique des signaux satellites ou l\u2019\u00e9mission d\u2019impulsions \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tiques de haute \u00e9nergie (EMP) pourraient litt\u00e9ralement griller l\u2019ensemble des circuits \u00e9lectroniques. Imaginons un instant l\u2019impact que pourrait avoir l\u2019interruption du service de localisation GPS sur le quotidien\u2026<\/p>\n

Toute avance technologique a des retomb\u00e9es civiles et militaires. Les progr\u00e8s technologiques fulgurants r\u00e9solvent un grand nombre de probl\u00e8mes et en cr\u00e9ent d\u2019autres. Le trait\u00e9 de l\u2019espace ratifi\u00e9 en 1967 interdit l\u2019utilisation d\u2019armes de destruction massive (armes nucl\u00e9aires) dans l\u2019espace, mais ne prend pas en consid\u00e9ration d\u2019autres types d\u2019armes tout comme des faisceaux laser puissants.<\/p>\n

Les int\u00e9r\u00eats commerciaux et nationaux ont actuellement force de loi et il serait sage de prendre conscience de leurs implications et d\u2019agir en cons\u00e9quence.<\/p>\n

Par David Bensoussan et Ana\u00efs Le Mouroux<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le d\u00e9fi pos\u00e9 par la prolif\u00e9ration des satellites Ce fut l\u2019auteur de science-fiction Arthur Clarke qui imagina en 1945 la communication par satellite g\u00e9ostationnaire par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d\u2019un satellite positionn\u00e9 sur une orbite terrestre circulaire dont la p\u00e9riode de rotation est la m\u00eame que celle de la terre, la force de gravitation \u00e9tant par ailleurs \u00e9gale… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66252,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66251","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nLe d\u00e9fi pos\u00e9 par la prolif\u00e9ration des satellites | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le d\u00e9fi pos\u00e9 par la prolif\u00e9ration des satellites Ce fut l\u2019auteur de science-fiction Arthur Clarke qui imagina en 1945 la communication par satellite\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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