{"id":66887,"date":"2022-05-22T20:22:16","date_gmt":"2022-05-22T20:22:16","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2022-05-22T20:22:16","modified_gmt":"2022-05-22T20:22:16","slug":"juifs-au-maghreb-entre-passe-commun-et-avenir-incertain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/juifs-au-maghreb-entre-passe-commun-et-avenir-incertain\/","title":{"rendered":"Juifs au Maghreb : entre pass\u00e9 commun et avenir incertain"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Juifs au Maghreb : entre pass\u00e9 commun et avenir incertain<\/p>\n<div class=\"td-module-meta-info\"><!-- author --><\/p>\n<div class=\"td-post-author-name\">\n<div class=\"td-author-by\">Par B\u00e9ligh Nabli &#8211; L&rsquo;economiste Maghrebin<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"td-post-content\"><!-- image --><\/p>\n<div class=\"td-post-featured-image\"><a data-caption=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?fit=1360%2C942&amp;ssl=1\"><noscript><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"696\" height=\"482\" class=\"entry-thumb td-modal-image\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=696%2C482&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?w=1360&#038;ssl=1 1360w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=462%2C320&#038;ssl=1 462w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=1011%2C700&#038;ssl=1 1011w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=100%2C70&#038;ssl=1 100w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=218%2C150&#038;ssl=1 218w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=696%2C482&#038;ssl=1 696w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=1068%2C740&#038;ssl=1 1068w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.leconomistemaghrebin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Juifs.jpg?resize=606%2C420&#038;ssl=1 606w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" alt=\"Juifs\" title=\"Juifs\"\/><\/noscript><\/a><\/div>\n<p><!-- content --><\/p>\n<p>Apr\u00e8s deux ans de suspension en raison de la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19, la synagogue de la Ghriba, sur l\u2019\u00eele de Djerba, voit affluer des centaines de p\u00e8lerins juifs. La l\u00e9gende veut que la pr\u00e9sence de Juifs sur l\u2019\u00eele de Djerba remonte au r\u00e8gne du roi Salomon. Ainsi, ils vivaient d\u00e9j\u00e0 dans la Carthage punique. Au-del\u00e0 du cas des Juifs tunisiens, le juda\u00efsme maghr\u00e9bin cultivait des particularismes locaux, par rapport au juda\u00efsme ashk\u00e9naze; mais aussi au sein du juda\u00efsme proprement s\u00e9farade (\u00e9tude de la mystique juive, c\u00e9l\u00e9bration des f\u00eates religieuses et familiales, folklore et mythes). Une histoire longue, dans laquelle les ind\u00e9pendances nationales marqu\u00e8rent un tournant.<\/p>\n<p>Certaines communaut\u00e9s juives vivaient en M\u00e9sopotamie ou en Afrique du Nord depuis plus de 2 500 ans. Leur pr\u00e9sence dans cette r\u00e9gion du Maghreb \u00e9tait souvent plus ancienne que celle des Arabes arriv\u00e9s avec la conqu\u00eate arabe du VIIe et du VIIIe si\u00e8cles. Certains Juifs \u00e9taient des Berb\u00e8res d\u2019origine \u00e9tablis depuis des mill\u00e9naires; avant l\u2019av\u00e8nement du christianisme et de l\u2019islamisation.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>L\u2019enracinement des juifs maghr\u00e9bins<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Alors que les chr\u00e9tiens se convertirent \u00e0 l\u2019islam entre le VIIe et le XIVe si\u00e8cle, les juifs s\u2019en tinrent \u00e0 leur statut de dhimmi (\u00ab prot\u00e9g\u00e9 \u00bb). Ainsi, entre 1492 et l\u2019Inquisition en 1536, l\u2019Afrique du Nord fut la terre d\u2019asile des Juifs expuls\u00e9s des royaumes chr\u00e9tiens de la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique. Les communaut\u00e9s d\u2019Afrique du Nord augment\u00e8rent du fait de l\u2019afflux de ceux qu\u2019on pers\u00e9cutait dans la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique.<\/p>\n<p>En sus de la pr\u00e9sence ancestrale de Juifs berb\u00e8res (tribus jud\u00e9o-berb\u00e8res dont certaines se convertirent \u00e0 l\u2019islam), des s\u00e9farades s\u2019install\u00e8rent au Maghreb tout au long du Moyen \u00c2ge.<\/p>\n<p>A partir de la fin du XIVe si\u00e8cle, les massacres et les conversions forc\u00e9es en Espagne suscitent une importante vague d\u2019\u00e9migration (acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9e et intensifi\u00e9e apr\u00e8s leur expulsion en 1492 de la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique). Elle se dirige essentiellement vers le littoral d\u2019Afrique du Nord. La distinction entre juifs \u00ab autochtones \u00bb et s\u00e9farades s\u2019estompera progressivement.<\/p>\n<p>La colonisation fran\u00e7aise amena les Juifs maghr\u00e9bins \u00e0 entrer progressivement dans la modernit\u00e9 occidentale. C\u2019est le d\u00e9cret Cr\u00e9mieux qui consacre formellement cette \u00e9volution. En octroyant la nationalit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise aux juifs d\u2019Alg\u00e9rie. Ceci accentua le clivage entre les citoyens fran\u00e7ais (chr\u00e9tiens et juifs) et le r\u00e9gime sp\u00e9cial auquel \u00e9taient soumis les citoyens musulmans (code de l\u2019indig\u00e9nat de 1881).<\/p>\n<p>Au XXe si\u00e8cle, avec la mont\u00e9e en puissance des nationalismes arabe et juif, des confrontations intercommunautaires \u00e9clat\u00e8rent en Palestine, entre les deux guerres. Dans plusieurs capitales arabes, les Juifs furent victimes de pogroms (\u00ab Farhoud \u00bb). Ainsi en fut il en Irak en 1941, au Maroc et en Syrie en 1944, \u00e0 Tripoli en Libye en 1945 et \u00e0 Alep et Aden en 1947. Les premiers exil\u00e9s quitt\u00e8rent alors les terres arabes.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #008000;\"><strong>La cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl en 1948 et le premier conflit isra\u00e9lo-arabe marquent une rupture dans l\u2019histoire des juifs arabes. <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes convergents et li\u00e9s entre eux ont amen\u00e9 les Juifs arabes \u00e0 s\u2019exiler en Isra\u00ebl (par id\u00e9al politique et\/ou religieux), mais aussi en Europe et en Am\u00e9rique du Nord. La mont\u00e9e des nationalismes arabe et juif (sionisme), la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un \u00c9tat h\u00e9breu, l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance d\u2019\u00c9tats arabes (pour laquelle nombre de juifs ont combattu) ou encore les conflits isra\u00e9lo-arabes ont acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9 un mouvement historique dont les Arabes n\u2019ont pas fini de mesurer le sens et la port\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Le tournant de la d\u00e9colonisation et de la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019Isra\u00ebl<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Dans les ann\u00e9es 1950, ils sont 250 000 au Maroc, 200 000 en Alg\u00e9rie et 100 000 en Tunisie. La pr\u00e9sence juive dans le monde arabe qui \u00e9tait souvent plurimill\u00e9naire est aujourd\u2019hui en voie d\u2019extinction. Il resterait environ 4 000 Juifs au Maroc, 2000 en Tunisie, par exemple.<\/p>\n<p>Les ind\u00e9pendances nationales ont vu le d\u00e9part massif des colons ou \u00ab pieds noirs \u00bb europ\u00e9ens chr\u00e9tiens (Fran\u00e7ais, Italiens, Maltais, Espagnols), ainsi que celui de juifs. La cr\u00e9ation de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl a provoqu\u00e9 un mouvement irr\u00e9m\u00e9diable d\u2019immigration ou d\u2019exil (en Isra\u00ebl, mais aussi en France et en Am\u00e9rique du Nord).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Force est de reconna\u00eetre la forte adh\u00e9sion des \u00ab Juifs arabes \u00bb au sionisme, qui constitue l\u2019ossature id\u00e9ologique de (la cr\u00e9ation de) l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u2019Isra\u00ebl.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Les Juifs sont d\u00e9sormais quelques milliers en Tunisie, en Alg\u00e9rie et surtout au Maroc. Si certains d\u2019entre eux reviennent accomplir la Hilloula (culte des saints) au Maroc et le p\u00e8lerinage \u00e0 la Ghriba (synagogue de Djerba, la plus ancienne d\u2019Afrique), le d\u00e9part massif des juifs maghr\u00e9bins a profond\u00e9ment affect\u00e9 les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019Afrique du Nord. Une nouvelle page reste \u00e0 \u00e9crire, sur fond de fracture nourrit par le destin de la Palestine \u2026<\/p>\n<div class=\"td-a-rec td-a-rec-id-content_bottom  td_uid_44_628a6643c84da_rand td_block_template_1\">&nbsp;<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Juifs au Maghreb : entre pass\u00e9 commun et avenir incertain Par B\u00e9ligh Nabli &#8211; L&rsquo;economiste Maghrebin Apr\u00e8s deux ans de suspension en raison de la pand\u00e9mie de Covid-19, la synagogue de la Ghriba, sur l\u2019\u00eele de Djerba, voit affluer des centaines de p\u00e8lerins juifs. La l\u00e9gende veut que la pr\u00e9sence de Juifs sur l\u2019\u00eele de&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":66888,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66887","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Juifs au Maghreb : entre pass\u00e9 commun et avenir incertain | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Juifs au Maghreb : entre pass\u00e9 commun et avenir incertain Par B\u00e9ligh Nabli - 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