{"id":70231,"date":"2024-11-09T00:43:23","date_gmt":"2024-11-09T00:43:23","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2024-11-09T00:43:23","modified_gmt":"2024-11-09T00:43:23","slug":"origine-et-histoire-dhalloween","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/origine-et-histoire-dhalloween\/","title":{"rendered":"Origine et histoire d\u2019Halloween"},"content":{"rendered":"

Le terme Halloween<\/strong> est la contraction de l\u2019expression anglaise \u00ab All Hallows Eve \u00bb qui signifie \u00ab La veille de tous les saints \u00bb. Son origine remonte \u00e0 plus de 2500 ans sous le nom de la f\u00eate de Samain<\/strong>. Cette f\u00eate celte et gauloise<\/strong> \u00e9tait c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e pour accueillir la nouvelle ann\u00e9e mais aussi les esprits des d\u00e9funts. Festin abondant, partage de l\u2019hydromel, sacrifices rituels, et entretien du feu nouveau par les druides rythmaient cette semaine de festivit\u00e9. Comment Halloween \u00e9tait-il pratiqu\u00e9 chez les celtes ? Quel conte irlandais<\/strong> a-t-il inspir\u00e9 les Am\u00e9ricains ? Voici un petit aper\u00e7u historique et g\u00e9ographique de cette tradition automnale.<\/p>\n

Les origines celtiques et le calendrier<\/h2>\n

Halloween trouve sa source dans une f\u00eate rituelle celtique connue sous le nom de Samain<\/strong>. En Ga\u00e9lique actuel, Samain se traduit par le mois de Novembre<\/strong> et symbolise la fin de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9. Il y a plus de 2500 ans, en Irlande, Grande-Bretagne et au nord-ouest de la Gaulle, l\u2019ann\u00e9e celte s\u2019achevait \u00e0 la fin du mois d\u2019octobre, une nuit de pleine lune. A cette occasion, une f\u00eate obligatoire \u00e9tait c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e en l\u2019honneur de la nouvelle ann\u00e9e \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n

Il faut savoir que l\u2019ann\u00e9e celte se d\u00e9compose en deux p\u00e9riodes : une moiti\u00e9 sombre commen\u00e7ant le 1er<\/sup>novembre \u00e0 Samain<\/strong> et une moiti\u00e9 lumineuse  d\u00e9butant le 1er<\/sup> mai \u00e0 Beltaine.<\/strong> <\/strong>En raison du climat doux et humide, les pays d\u2019Europe de l\u2019Ouest n\u2019ont que deux saisons principales : l\u2019hiver et l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9. A la fin de l\u2019\u00e9t\u00e9, le rythme de vie de la communaut\u00e9 \u00e9volue. A cette p\u00e9riode de l’ann\u00e9e, les troupeaux sont rentr\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9table pour \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s du froid, et la communaut\u00e9, quant \u00e0 elle, est lib\u00e9r\u00e9e des travaux agricoles.<\/p>\n

Chez les celtes, le calendrier est<\/strong> lunaire<\/strong> et non solaire comme le calendrier gr\u00e9gorien, c’est-\u00e0-dire que les grandes f\u00eates ne pouvaient avoir lieu \u00e0 dates fixes. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, la f\u00eate de Samain se d\u00e9roule la nuit de la pleine lune la plus proche. C\u2019est donc par \u00ab commodit\u00e9 \u00bb que le jour d\u2019Halloween sera fix\u00e9 au 31 octobre. La nouvelle ann\u00e9e qui permet d\u2019ouvrir une br\u00e8che entre les vivants et les morts, fait de Samain, une f\u00eate si particuli\u00e8re et pas seulement religieuse.<\/p>\n

La f\u00eate de Samain : l\u2019anc\u00eatre d\u2019Halloween<\/h2>\n

La f\u00eate de Samain dure 7 jours : trois jours avant et trois jours apr\u00e8s la pleine lune et est obligatoire quelle que soit l\u2019origine sociale sous peine de ch\u00e2timent divin<\/strong>. Le festin  se compose en abondance de viande de porcs, de bi\u00e8re, d\u2019hydromel et de vin. Le porc qui est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme une divinit\u00e9 destructrice et redoutable, est une viande sacr\u00e9e cens\u00e9e procurer l\u2019immortalit\u00e9. L\u2019hydromel est un alcool doux, une boisson ferment\u00e9e \u00e0 base d\u2019eau et de miel.<\/p>\n

Cette f\u00eate est destin\u00e9e \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des passerelles entre les deux mondes<\/strong> (celui des vivants et des morts) o\u00f9 chacun est invit\u00e9 \u00e0 venir de l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9. Les d\u00e9funts perdent alors leur don d\u2019invisibilit\u00e9. Il s\u2019agit d\u2019une c\u00e9l\u00e9bration de l\u2019orgie au sens o\u00f9 l\u2019on se retrouve \u00ab au milieu<\/strong> \u00bb du monde r\u00e9el et imaginaire. Les termes \u00ab milieu \u00bb et \u00ab ivresse \u00bb auraient une racine commune dans les langues celtiques. Cette f\u00eate est accompagn\u00e9e de chants et de jeux rituels \u00e0 travers des sacrifices et la mise en place du feu nouveau. Tous les gaulois se devaient d\u2019\u00e9teindre le feu de leur foyer pour que les druides en rallument un nouveau afin de c\u00e9l\u00e9brer l\u2019ann\u00e9e \u00e0 venir.<\/p>\n

Samain n\u2019est pas seulement une f\u00eate sacr\u00e9e, elle est aussi politique, militaire et commerciale o\u00f9 des contrats peuvent s’y \u00e9tablir. C\u2019est un \u00e9v\u00e9nement qui se veut avant tout pacifique mais c’est aussi l’occasion de renouveler les pouvoirs du roi qui pr\u00e9side la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie.<\/p>\n

La conqu\u00eate romaine influencera les traditions celtiques en introduisant la f\u00eate de la moisson en l\u2019honneur d\u2019une d\u00e9esse \u00e9trusque : Pomone. Par la suite, le christianisme qui rejetait le rituel pa\u00efen en le diabolisant, l\u2019\u00e9liminera de la f\u00eate de la Toussaint. Les traditions pa\u00efennes subsist\u00e8rent malgr\u00e9 les destructions d\u2019anciens temples. C\u2019est en 837<\/strong> que la f\u00eate de tous les saints est inscrite sur le calendrier liturgique<\/strong>. Celle d’Halloween sera donc c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e la veille.<\/p>\n

Du navet \u00e0 la citrouille : l\u2019exportation des contes irlandais en Am\u00e9rique<\/h2>\n

En 1846-1848, suite \u00e0 la maladie de la pomme de terre, les Irlandais migr\u00e8rent vers les Etats-Unis et emmen\u00e8rent avec eux contes et l\u00e9gendes. Vous connaissez sans doute le conte irlandais de Jack O\u2019lantern,<\/strong> ivrogne qui osa d\u00e9fier le diable en lui jouant des farces et qui fut chass\u00e9 du paradis le 31 octobre : le jour de sa mort. Il sera condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 errer \u00e9ternellement avec une lanterne. Celle-ci comprend un navet qu\u2019il \u00e9tait en train de manger, et une bougie qu\u2019il mit \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rieur pour \u00e9viter que le vent ne l\u2019\u00e9teigne.<\/p>\n

C\u2019est vers la fin du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle qu\u2019Halloween deviendra une f\u00eate nationale aux Etats-Unis avec la traditionnelle qu\u00eate de bonbons et le fameux Trick or Treat<\/em><\/strong> : les friandises ou le mauvais sort. Beaucoup plus pratique \u00e0 d\u00e9couper que le navet, la citrouille sera le symbole phare de cette f\u00eate.<\/p>\n

La coutume d’Halloween fait ses d\u00e9buts en France en 1997 avec la sortie d\u2019un nouveau t\u00e9l\u00e9phone baptis\u00e9 \u00ab Olaween<\/strong> \u00bb accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019une campagne atypique et la mise en place de 8000 citrouilles au Trocad\u00e9ro. En 2000, c\u2019est l\u2019une des plus grandes f\u00eates apr\u00e8s No\u00ebl et P\u00e2ques, mais qui depuis semble avoir perdu de sa magie, jug\u00e9e trop commerciale. A noter que cette f\u00eate n\u2019est pas \u00e0 confondre avec celle des morts qui se d\u00e9roule le 2 novembre.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/h3>\n
\n
 <\/dt>\n
 <\/dt>\n
– De Jean Markkale, Halloween, histoire et traditions<\/a>, Imago, 2000<\/dt>\n
 <\/dt>\n
– De Leroux Guyonvarc, Fetes celtiques<\/a>, Edition Ouest France, 1995<\/dt>\n<\/dl>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le terme Halloween est la contraction de l\u2019expression anglaise \u00ab All Hallows Eve \u00bb qui signifie \u00ab La veille de tous les saints \u00bb. Son origine remonte \u00e0 plus de 2500 ans sous le nom de la f\u00eate de Samain. Cette f\u00eate celte et gauloise \u00e9tait c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9e pour accueillir la nouvelle ann\u00e9e mais aussi les esprits des d\u00e9funts. Festin abondant, partage de l\u2019hydromel, sacrifices… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":70232,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-70231","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nOrigine et histoire d\u2019Halloween | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Le terme Halloween est la contraction de l\u2019expression anglaise \u00ab All Hallows Eve \u00bb qui signifie \u00ab La veille de tous les\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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