{"id":71089,"date":"2025-07-27T00:19:45","date_gmt":"2025-07-27T00:19:45","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2025-07-27T00:19:45","modified_gmt":"2025-07-27T00:19:45","slug":"grana-la-communaute-juive-portugaise-de-tunis-dapres-ses-ketubot","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/grana-la-communaute-juive-portugaise-de-tunis-dapres-ses-ketubot\/","title":{"rendered":"Grana. La communaut\u00e9 juive portugaise de Tunis d\u2019apr\u00e8s ses ketubot"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<p>Grana. La communaut\u00e9 juive portugaise de Tunis d\u2019apr\u00e8s ses ketubot<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p><strong>Par Alain Nedjar et Gilles Boulu<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Compte rendu d\u2019Atelier :&nbsp;De la qu\u00eate g\u00e9n\u00e9alogique \u00e0 l\u2019enqu\u00eate historique<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>La qu\u00eate de leurs origines Grana ont finalement men\u00e9 Alain Nedjar et Gilles Boulu sur le chemin de l\u2019enqu\u00eate historique, \u00e0 des fins qui d\u00e9passent d\u00e9sormais le cadre de leurs recherches familiales, comme l\u2019attestent les pistes et les donn\u00e9es que livre leur ouvrage, premi\u00e8re pierre d\u2019un travail en cours.<\/p>\n<p>La communaut\u00e9 juive portugaise de Tunis, Grana, est un cas unique&nbsp;: ses fondateurs, originaires du Portugal, ont d\u2019abord constitu\u00e9 une oligarchie au sein de la communaut\u00e9 juive de Livourne.<\/p>\n<p>A partir du milieu du XVII<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle, les marchands portugais de Livourne ouvrent des comptoirs \u00e0 Tunis. Se cr\u00e9e peu \u00e0 peu, d\u2019une mani\u00e8re d\u2019abord officieuse, une \u00ab&nbsp;nation juive livournaise de Tunis&nbsp;\u00bb, bient\u00f4t suivie de la cr\u00e9ation officielle, en 1710, d\u2019un&nbsp;<em>qahal qadosh<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>En d\u00e9pit de l\u2019\u00e9migration \u00e0 Livourne et \u00e0 Tunis, ces juifs conservent longtemps l\u2019impr\u00e9gnation culturelle du Portugal et se distinguent des juifs tunisiens indig\u00e8nes, Twansa.<\/p>\n<p>Les&nbsp;<strong>sources<\/strong>&nbsp;pour mettre au jour cette communaut\u00e9 sont de nature vari\u00e9e. Tr\u00e8s&nbsp;<strong>dispers\u00e9es<\/strong>, elles sont&nbsp;<strong>menac\u00e9es de dispara\u00eetre<\/strong>. AN et GB ont non seulement compl\u00e9t\u00e9 le corpus de sources internes \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 Grana, mais ils ont \u00e9galement d\u00e9fini un large \u00e9ventail de sources externes, en consultant les Archives du Consulat de France en particulier.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aper\u00e7u du corpus<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources internes&nbsp;\u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 Grana<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ce sont des&nbsp;<em>pinqassim<\/em>&nbsp;ou registres qui compilent des documents li\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019histoire des familles (registres matrimoniaux par exemple), \u00e9crits en diff\u00e9rentes langues, dont en jud\u00e9o-arabe principalement.<\/p>\n<p>Il y a deux ans, sur les sollicitations d\u2019AN et de GB, deux registres manquants (1812-1844 et 1872-1881) ont \u00e9t\u00e9 exhum\u00e9s par le secr\u00e9taire du Grand Rabbin de Tunis. Ils font l\u2019objet de cette publication. Ils permettent de compl\u00e9ter \u00ab&nbsp;l\u2019\u00e9tat civil&nbsp;\u00bb de ce milieu restreint, celui des marchands juifs livournais de Tunis, qui repr\u00e9sentent 10 \u00e0 15% de la communaut\u00e9 juive totale.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Sources externes&nbsp;\u00e0 la communaut\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Outre l\u2019\u00e9tat civil des juifs de Tunisie (1886-1913), le cimeti\u00e8re juif de Tunis rec\u00e8le des milliers de tombes.<\/p>\n<p>Archives diplomatique de Nantes&nbsp;: Consulat de France de Tunis (ouvert en 1577)&nbsp;; archives \u00e0 partir de 1582.<\/p>\n<p>Correspondance consulaire&nbsp;: litiges commerciaux, qui incluent des g\u00e9n\u00e9alogies.<\/p>\n<p>Archives de la communaut\u00e9 isra\u00e9lite de Livourne.<\/p>\n<p>Archives nationales de Tunisie&nbsp;: 315 registres de rabbins-notaires de tous les&nbsp;<em>beth din<\/em>&nbsp;de Tunisie&nbsp;: une doctorante tunisienne travaille actuellement sur le fonds jud\u00e9o-arabe.<\/p>\n<p>Pour exploiter ces fonds et en croiser les donn\u00e9es, AN et GB alimentent la&nbsp;<strong>base de donn\u00e9es BECANE<\/strong>, qui fait le lien entre les actes consulaires, les&nbsp;<em>ketubot<\/em>, les photos des st\u00e8les, et qui permet d\u2019\u00e9toffer les donn\u00e9es prosopographiques sur un individu ou une famille.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Les&nbsp;<em>ketubot<\/em>&nbsp;des&nbsp;<em>pinqassim<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Des&nbsp;<em>ketubot<\/em>&nbsp;sp\u00e9cifiques&nbsp;: d\u00e9cor\u00e9es de motifs floraux, sans figures humaines ni animales.<\/p>\n<p>Autre particularit\u00e9, deux colonnes&nbsp;: celle de droite est report\u00e9e int\u00e9gralement dans les registres.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la colonne de gauche&nbsp;: les quatre conditions (<em>tena\u00efm<\/em>) qui donnent \u00e0 la femme un certain nombre de protections (ce qui n\u2019existait pas en Tunisie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque&nbsp;; importation livournaise).<\/p>\n<p><em>Ketubot<\/em>&nbsp;d\u2019une communaut\u00e9 culturellement \u00e9lev\u00e9e&nbsp;; clivage sociologique qui explique que les Grana sont rest\u00e9s distincts des juifs tunisiens.<\/p>\n<p>Puis, au XX<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle, il n\u2019y a plus deux colonnes, mais les quatre&nbsp;<em>tena\u00efm<\/em>&nbsp;sont reprises dans le texte. Leur mention n\u2019existe que pour les Grana.<\/p>\n<p>Cette particularit\u00e9 d\u00e9note un comportement aristocratique.<\/p>\n<p><u>Pages d\u2019enregistrement&nbsp;:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>ketubot<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Augments de dot<\/li>\n<li>Divorces<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>L\u2019\u00e9criture&nbsp;: le cursif s\u00e9farade ou \u00e9criture suspendue.<\/p>\n<p>Les termes r\u00e9currents confirment le milieu aristocratique&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p><em>Harof\u00e9<\/em>&nbsp;(m\u00e9decin) juge, sage\u2026<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e9decins&nbsp;: les Livournais continuent de se former \u00e0 Pise, encore au XIX<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p>Pour les femmes&nbsp;:&nbsp;<em>yebama<\/em>&nbsp;: veuve qui doit \u00e9pouser le fr\u00e8re de son d\u00e9funt mari, divorc\u00e9e, etc\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Le pourcentage de l\u00e9virat est faible.<\/p>\n<p>Dans les registres, on trouve parfois le d\u00e9tail de la dot. Leur montant repr\u00e9sente entre 10 et 12% de la fortune des parents de la mari\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>Un th\u00e8me \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper (propos\u00e9 par Henri Bresc)&nbsp;: l\u2019endogamie&nbsp;: caract\u00e8re discriminant fondateur dans le mariage arabe, appliqu\u00e9 par les juifs en Sicile. Pr\u00e9server le sang. Une noblesse de sang.<\/p>\n<p>Mariage dit \u00ab&nbsp;mixte&nbsp;\u00bb&nbsp;: entre Grana et Twansa, lorsque le niveau social est \u00e9quivalent.<\/p>\n<p>Signatures des \u00e9poux&nbsp;: en italien, mais aussi un peu en espagnol et en portugais, et en h\u00e9breu.<\/p>\n<p>Un seul cas de signature dans les deux caract\u00e8res, latins et h\u00e9bra\u00efques.<\/p>\n<p>Beaux autographes des rabbins (analogues au seing manuel des notaires que l\u2019on trouve dans les registres latins m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux par exemple).<\/p>\n<p>Une esth\u00e9tique et une architecture&nbsp;: un v\u00e9ritable langage des signes.<\/p>\n<p>3 \u00e9tages&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Au-dessus, des t\u00eates sont dessin\u00e9es, qui coiffent la lettre&nbsp;<em>resh<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Au centre, le nom \u00e9crit<\/li>\n<li>En dessous, d\u2019autres signes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bref, chaque signature forme un homme complet.<\/p>\n<p>Les descendants reprennent la signature du p\u00e8re et accolent la leur. Donc les autographes permettent de retrouver les liens familiaux.<\/p>\n<p><u>Quelques exemples de statistiques&nbsp;r\u00e9alis\u00e9es:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1<sup>er<\/sup>&nbsp;registre 1812-1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>19 mariages par an (une petite communaut\u00e9&nbsp;; 10% des juifs de Tunisie&nbsp;; 4&nbsp;000 maximum)<\/p>\n<p>Dans 20% des cas, un des \u00e9poux est ext\u00e9rieur \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>55% signent en h\u00e9breu<\/p>\n<p>33% en caract\u00e8res latins<\/p>\n<p>12% ne savent pas \u00e9crire<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2<sup>e<\/sup>&nbsp;registre 1872-1881<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>De nouveaux patronymes, Twansa et italiens<\/p>\n<p>28 mariages par an<\/p>\n<p>37% des cas, un des \u00e9poux ext\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n<p>57% signent en h\u00e9breu<\/p>\n<p>42% en caract\u00e8res latins<\/p>\n<p>Quasiment plus d\u2019illettr\u00e9s, 1% ne savent pas \u00e9crire<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1788-1811&nbsp;: 5% des cas,&nbsp; un des deux \u00e9poux ext\u00e9rieur<\/p>\n<p>1812-1843&nbsp;: 16%<\/p>\n<p>1844-1862&nbsp;: 27%<\/p>\n<p>1863-1881&nbsp;: 36%<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Conclusion<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>1894&nbsp;:&nbsp;<em>beth din<\/em>&nbsp;des Grana dissout par le Protectorat fran\u00e7ais. Cr\u00e9ation du Grand rabbinat de Tunisie.<\/p>\n<p>1944&nbsp;: abolition de la communaut\u00e9 des Grana par De Gaulle.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3>Juliette Sibon<\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Grana. La communaut\u00e9 juive portugaise de Tunis d\u2019apr\u00e8s ses ketubot &nbsp; Par Alain Nedjar et Gilles Boulu &nbsp; Compte rendu d\u2019Atelier :&nbsp;De la qu\u00eate g\u00e9n\u00e9alogique \u00e0 l\u2019enqu\u00eate historique La qu\u00eate de leurs origines Grana ont finalement men\u00e9 Alain Nedjar et Gilles Boulu sur le chemin de l\u2019enqu\u00eate historique, \u00e0 des fins qui d\u00e9passent d\u00e9sormais le&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":71090,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Grana. 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