{"id":71792,"date":"2026-03-30T16:28:22","date_gmt":"2026-03-30T16:28:22","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-03-30T16:28:22","modified_gmt":"2026-03-30T16:28:22","slug":"paque-memoire-de-la-liberte-pedagogie-de-la-responsabilite-david-bensoussan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/paque-memoire-de-la-liberte-pedagogie-de-la-responsabilite-david-bensoussan\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9 – David Bensoussan"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

David Bensoussan<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Auteur de la trilogie La Bible prise au berceau (\u00c9ditions Du Lys)<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

Une aura singuli\u00e8re entoure Pessah, la f\u00eate de P\u00e2que. Elle comm\u00e9more un \u00e9v\u00e9nement fondateur : la lib\u00e9ration des esclaves h\u00e9breux d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Cet \u00e9pisode, rappel\u00e9 \u00e0 une cinquantaine de reprises dans le Pentateuque, sert de matrice \u00e0 une \u00e9thique exigeante, notamment dans le rapport \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger. Plus d\u2019une fois, il est rappel\u00e9 que : \u00ab vous avez \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9trangers en \u00c9gypte<\/i> (Exode 22-21, Deut\u00e9ronome 10-19)\u00bb. La f\u00eate de la P\u00e2que (Exode 12-14, 13-10) s\u2019inscrit dans des rites pr\u00e9cis \u2014 au premier rang desquels la soir\u00e9e du Seder \u2014 et se prolonge durant sept jours avec la f\u00eate des azymes marqu\u00e9e par la consommation de pain non lev\u00e9 (Exode 23-15).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Le r\u00e9cit fondateur<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c0 la suite de l\u2019\u00e9nigmatique \u00e9pisode du buisson ardent, Mo\u00efse re\u00e7oit la mission, de Celui dont le nom est \u00ab Je serai ce que Je serai<\/i> (Exode 3-14) \u00bb, de se pr\u00e9senter devant Pharaon pour exiger la lib\u00e9ration des H\u00e9breux, \u00e9tablis en \u00c9gypte depuis plusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. S\u2019ensuivent les dix plaies \u2014 dont certaines peuvent \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9es comme des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes naturels \u2014<\/span><\/span><\/span> un d\u00e9part pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de la nuit marqu\u00e9e par le sacrifice pascal, puis la travers\u00e9e de la mer des Joncs. Le peuple entame alors une longue errance dans le d\u00e9sert du Sina\u00ef, au terme de laquelle il re\u00e7oit les Dix Commandements (Exode 20-1 \u00e0 2-13), pr\u00e9lude \u00e0 l\u2019entr\u00e9e en Terre promise.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Entre histoire et \u00e9nigme<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

La datation de l\u2019Exode, la dur\u00e9e du s\u00e9jour en \u00c9gypte et l\u2019itin\u00e9raire de la travers\u00e9e du d\u00e9sert ont donn\u00e9 lieu \u00e0 une multitude d\u2019hypoth\u00e8ses. Aussi \u00e9labor\u00e9es soient-elles, elles ne d\u00e9bouchent pas sur des certitudes. Pourtant, le texte biblique regorge d\u2019indications pr\u00e9cises de lieux, de p\u00e9riodes et de coutumes (La Bible prise au berceau, Volume 3<\/i>). Comme s\u2019il d\u00e9fiait le chercheur, il semble sugg\u00e9rer que sa v\u00e9rit\u00e9 essentielle ne se laisse pas enfermer dans la seule v\u00e9rification historique, mais se d\u00e9ploie dans l\u2019exp\u00e9rience qu\u2019il appelle \u00e0 revivre.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cependant, si l\u2019on retient l\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019un Exode situ\u00e9 \u00e0 la fin du XIII<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1d49<\/span><\/span><\/span> si\u00e8cle, celle-ci co\u00efnciderait avec les grandes migrations des \u00ab peuples de la mer \u00bb, d\u00e9tenteurs d\u2019une ma\u00eetrise avanc\u00e9e de la m\u00e9tallurgie du fer. Leurs incursions entra\u00een\u00e8rent la d\u00e9vastation de cit\u00e9s prestigieuses telles que Myc\u00e8nes et Ougarit, la disparition de l\u2019Empire hittite et l\u2019affaiblissement durable de la puissance \u00e9gyptienne.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Le texte biblique \u00e9voque, par ailleurs, une multitude de groupes qui se seraient joints aux H\u00e9breux. Il est plausible que ces populations aient \u00e9t\u00e9 en grande partie constitu\u00e9es de prisonniers de guerre d\u2019origines hittite, asiatique, nubienne et libyenne. Ainsi, une agr\u00e9gation de peuples divers se serait ralli\u00e9e aux H\u00e9breux, contribuant \u00e0 la formation du peuple d\u2019Isra\u00ebl (Exode 12-38).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Une \u00e9thique enracin\u00e9e dans la m\u00e9moire<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019Exode est mentionn\u00e9 d\u00e8s l\u2019ouverture des Dix Commandements : \u00ab Je suis l\u2019\u00c9ternel ton Dieu qui t\u2019ai fait sortir du pays d\u2019\u00c9gypte, de la maison de servitude<\/i> (Exode 20-1). \u00bb Cette introduction est d\u00e9cisive : elle fonde l\u2019exigence morale non sur une abstraction, mais sur une m\u00e9moire v\u00e9cue \u2014 celle d\u2019un peuple lib\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Les commandements s\u2019adressent \u00e0 chaque individu (\u00ab tu n\u2019assassineras point <\/i>\u00bb, \u00ab tu ne voleras point<\/i> \u00bb), affirmant la responsabilit\u00e9 personnelle et la dignit\u00e9 irr\u00e9ductible de chacun. Mais cette interpellation individuelle s\u2019inscrit dans une dynamique collective : c\u2019est en tant que peuple lib\u00e9r\u00e9 qu\u2019Isra\u00ebl re\u00e7oit la Loi, et c\u2019est dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 que celle-ci doit \u00eatre incarn\u00e9e.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ainsi, la m\u00e9moire de l\u2019Exode devient un imp\u00e9ratif partag\u00e9. Elle fonde une attention particuli\u00e8re envers les plus vuln\u00e9rables \u2014 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, la veuve, l\u2019orphelin (Exode 24-21 \u00e0 24-22)\u2014 et institue une morale de la responsabilit\u00e9 historique.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Le Seder : une p\u00e9dagogie vivante<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

Le c\u0153ur de la f\u00eate r\u00e9side dans le Seder, o\u00f9 la Haggadah est lue et comment\u00e9e collectivement durant la soir\u00e9e. R\u00e9cits, explications, chants et symboles s\u2019entrelacent dans une liturgie vivante, o\u00f9 la participation des enfants occupe une place essentielle.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

La Haggadah insiste sur l\u2019appropriation personnelle du r\u00e9cit : \u00ab Nous \u00e9tions esclaves en \u00c9gypte\u2026<\/i> (Deut\u00e9ronome 6-21) \u00bb ; \u00ab chacun doit se consid\u00e9rer comme s\u2019il \u00e9tait lui-m\u00eame sorti d\u2019\u00c9gypte<\/i> (Haggada) \u00bb. Cette identification transforme le souvenir en exp\u00e9rience int\u00e9rieure et renforce le sentiment d\u2019appartenance.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00e9j\u00e0, dans le Deut\u00e9ronome, la transmission s\u2019inscrivait dans un dialogue interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnel : \u00ab Quand ton fils te demandera\u2026 tu lui diras : Nous<\/b> \u00e9tions esclaves de Pharaon en \u00c9gypte\u2026<\/i> \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Interroger, transmettre, interpr\u00e9ter<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

La Haggadah met en sc\u00e8ne quatre figures d\u2019enfants \u2014 le sage, le rebelle, le simple et celui qui ne sait pas interroger \u2014 illustrant autant de rapports possibles \u00e0 la tradition. Chacun appelle une r\u00e9ponse sp\u00e9cifique : enseignement approfondi, confrontation, simplification ou initiation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Elie Wiesel proposait d\u2019y voir aussi une lecture historique : quatre g\u00e9n\u00e9rations successives, de la fid\u00e9lit\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019oubli en passant par la r\u00e9volte et l\u2019ignorance. La premi\u00e8re vit la tradition, la seconde s\u2019en d\u00e9tache avec fronde, la troisi\u00e8me s\u2019interroge, la quatri\u00e8me s\u2019en \u00e9loigne au point de ne plus m\u00eame formuler de questions. Ainsi, commenter la Haggadah devient un acte essentiel : il maintient vivante la m\u00e9moire et sauvegarde le fil ininterrompu de la m\u00e9moire collective.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Une port\u00e9e universelle<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

R\u00e9cit fondateur de lib\u00e9ration, l\u2019Exode a exerc\u00e9 une influence profonde et durable bien au-del\u00e0 du juda\u00efsme : dans les traditions chr\u00e9tienne et musulmane, dans la litt\u00e9rature, les arts, la philosophie politique et les luttes pour l\u2019\u00e9mancipation. Il est devenu l\u2019arch\u00e9type universel du passage de la servitude \u00e0 la libert\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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Conclusion<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

P\u00e2que ne se r\u00e9duit ni \u00e0 un souvenir ni \u00e0 un rituel : elle est une mise en mouvement de la m\u00e9moire. En appelant chacun \u00e0 se consid\u00e9rer comme sorti d\u2019\u00c9gypte, elle transforme un \u00e9v\u00e9nement ancien en exigence actuelle. La libert\u00e9 n\u2019y est pas donn\u00e9e une fois pour toutes ; elle se conquiert, se transmet et se r\u00e9fl\u00e9chit \u00e0 chaque g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. Elle trouvera sa formulation normative et ses limites dans la promulgation des Dix Commandements.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00ab En chaque g\u00e9n\u00e9ration, chacun doit se consid\u00e9rer comme s\u2019il \u00e9tait lui-m\u00eame sorti d\u2019\u00c9gypte. \u00bb (Haggadah de Pessa\u2019h). \u00bb<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/i><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9 David Bensoussan     Auteur de la trilogie La Bible prise au berceau (\u00c9ditions Du Lys) Une aura singuli\u00e8re entoure Pessah, la f\u00eate de P\u00e2que. Elle comm\u00e9more un \u00e9v\u00e9nement fondateur : la lib\u00e9ration des esclaves h\u00e9breux d\u2019\u00c9gypte. Cet \u00e9pisode, rappel\u00e9 \u00e0 une cinquantaine de reprises… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":71793,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71792","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nP\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9 - David Bensoussan | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"P\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9 David Bensoussan     Auteur de la trilogie La Bible prise au berceau (\u00c9ditions Du\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/paque-memoire-de-la-liberte-pedagogie-de-la-responsabilite-david-bensoussan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"P\u00e2que : m\u00e9moire de la libert\u00e9, p\u00e9dagogie de la responsabilit\u00e9 - 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