{"id":72264,"date":"2026-09-22T16:58:56","date_gmt":"2026-09-22T16:58:56","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2026-09-22T16:58:56","modified_gmt":"2026-09-22T16:58:56","slug":"l-histoire-juive-de-livourne","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/l-histoire-juive-de-livourne\/","title":{"rendered":"L&rsquo;histoire Juive de Livourne"},"content":{"rendered":"<header>\n<p>L&rsquo;histoire Juive de Livourne<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<p><main id=\"main\"><\/p>\n<article id=\"location-1553\">\n<p>La visite s\u2019impose au nom de la m\u00e9moire, m\u00eame si les op\u00e9rations d\u2019urbanisme du d\u00e9but du si\u00e8cle autour du port et les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en 1943-1944, ont d\u00e9truit la plus grande partie du centre-ville, comme la Livourne juive, notamment la Grande Synagogue.<\/p>\n<p>Dans aucune cit\u00e9 italienne, les juifs ne jou\u00e8rent un tel r\u00f4le, et jamais ils n\u2019y furent contraints \u00e0 vivre dans un ghetto. Ils furent les vrais fondateurs de la ville et les ma\u00eetres d\u2019\u0153uvre de sa splendeur, appel\u00e9s par le grand duc de Toscane qui, avec l\u2019\u00e9dit de la&nbsp;<em>Livornina&nbsp;<\/em>du 10 juin 1593, leur garantissait, pour vingt-cinq ans renouvelables, la libert\u00e9 du commerce, le droit de s\u2019installer o\u00f9 ils voulaient sans porter les signes de l\u2019opprobre comme les autres juifs du duch\u00e9. Ils pouvaient avoir des serviteurs chr\u00e9tiens, rouler en carrosse, etc. Mieux, Ferdinand Ier leur offrait sa protection contre l\u2019Inquisition : \u00ab Nous d\u00e9sirons que, pendant ladite p\u00e9riode, aucune inquisition, inspection, d\u00e9nonciation ou accusation ne soit prononc\u00e9e contre vous et vos familles, m\u00eame si dans le pass\u00e9 elles ont v\u00e9cu hors de nos dominions en tant que chr\u00e9tiennes ou d\u00e9nomm\u00e9es comme telles.\u00bb<\/p>\n<p>Les marranes furent donc naturellement tr\u00e8s nombreux dans la cit\u00e9. Cette petite ville d\u2019un littoral ravage par les fi\u00e8vres devint en quelques ann\u00e9es un port florissant o\u00f9 la communaut\u00e9 juive jouait un r\u00f4le de tout premier plan. L\u2019espagnol \u00e9tait sa langue officielle, le jud\u00e9o-espagnol sa langue de tous les jours, utilis\u00e9e d\u2019ailleurs par tous les expuls\u00e9s d\u2019Espagne, \u00e0 Salonique comme dans les autres ports du Levant. Puis, peu \u00e0 peu, les juifs livournais cr\u00e9\u00e8rent un nouveau dialecte que les plus \u00e2g\u00e9s parlent toujours, le&nbsp;<em>bagitto<\/em>, m\u00e9lange d\u2019espagnol, d\u2019h\u00e9breu et de dialecte local.<\/p>\n<p>La communaut\u00e9 livournaise connut son apog\u00e9e aux XVIIe et XVIIIe si\u00e8cles. Son d\u00e9clin commen\u00e7a avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e des troupes de Bonaparte, pourtant favorable aux autres juifs de la p\u00e9ninsule. Le blocus p\u00e9nalisait le port. Avec l\u2019unit\u00e9 italienne et l\u2019\u00e9mancipation, les juifs de Livourne \u00e9migr\u00e8rent vers Florence ou Rome. En 1900, il ne restait plus dans la ville que 2500 juifs, une diminution de moiti\u00e9 en cinquante ans. La Seconde Guerre mondiale et les d\u00e9portations nazies faillirent donner le coup de gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9, r\u00e9duite aujourd\u2019hui \u00e0 800 membres.<\/p>\n<p>Achev\u00e9e en 1962, &nbsp;la nouvelle synagogue, \u00e9difice de b\u00e9ton aux formes futuristes de l\u2019architecte romain Angelo Di Castro, se dresse piazza Benamozegh (l\u2019ancienne piazza del Tempio) o\u00f9 s\u2019\u00e9levait le temple d\u00e9truit par les bombardements de 1944. Le magnifique&nbsp;<em>aron<\/em>, du d\u00e9but du XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, en bois dor\u00e9 et finement sculpt\u00e9, provient de la vieille synagogue de Pesaro, dans les Marches.<\/p>\n<p>Dans la toute proche via Micali, se trouve &nbsp;l\u2019oratoire Marini&nbsp;qui, pendant toute l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la construction de la Nouvelle Synagogue, servait aux offices religieux. Au fond de la salle presque carr\u00e9e de la&nbsp;<em>yeshiva<\/em>, on peut voir un extraordinaire&nbsp;<em>aron&nbsp;<\/em>de bois dor\u00e9, aux d\u00e9cors floraux tr\u00e8s finement travaill\u00e9s. Il daterait du XVe si\u00e8cle et serait arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 Livourne avec des juifs chass\u00e9s d\u2019Espagne. Certains experts estiment, n\u00e9anmoins, que ce chef-d\u2019\u0153uvre est d\u2019une facture plus tardive. Dans ce m\u00eame b\u00e2timent, se trouve aussi le Mus\u00e9e juif qui regroupe, dans deux vitrines, quelques beaux objets liturgiques.<\/p>\n<\/article>\n<p><\/main><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;histoire Juive de Livourne La visite s\u2019impose au nom de la m\u00e9moire, m\u00eame si les op\u00e9rations d\u2019urbanisme du d\u00e9but du si\u00e8cle autour du port et les bombardements de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en 1943-1944, ont d\u00e9truit la plus grande partie du centre-ville, comme la Livourne juive, notamment la Grande Synagogue. Dans aucune cit\u00e9 italienne, les&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":72265,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-72264","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L&#039;histoire Juive de Livourne | HARISSA.COM<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L&#039;histoire Juive de Livourne La visite s\u2019impose au nom de la m\u00e9moire, m\u00eame si les 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