{"id":9241,"date":"2015-11-10T00:09:47","date_gmt":"2015-11-10T00:09:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/?p=9241"},"modified":"2015-11-10T00:49:02","modified_gmt":"2015-11-10T00:49:02","slug":"statut-juridique-des-dhimmis-pacte-du-deuxieme-calife","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/harissa.com\/news-wp\/statut-juridique-des-dhimmis-pacte-du-deuxieme-calife\/","title":{"rendered":"Statut juridique des dhimmis : Pacte du deuxi\u00e8me calife"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div>\n<p>\n\t\t\tStatut juridique des dhimmis&nbsp;: Pacte du deuxi&egrave;me calife<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\t&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t\tpar&nbsp;Genevi&egrave;ve Harland<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p>\n\t\t&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p>\n\t\tChr&eacute;tiens et juifs, sous domination musulmane, disposaient d&rsquo;un statut juridique particulier qui leur r&eacute;servait, dans tous les domaines, une place tr&egrave;s inf&eacute;rieure &agrave; celle des musulmans. Statut se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant au pacte du deuxi&egrave;me calife, Omar ibn al Khattab (Omar Ier), dont le calife Omeyyade Omar ibn Abd al Aziz (Omar II, 717-720), fut celui qui l&rsquo;appliqua strictement dans ses moindres d&eacute;tails. La source d&rsquo;inspiration de ce pacte fut le trait&eacute; impos&eacute; par Mahomet aux juifs de Khaibar en 628, pacte qui pr&eacute;voyait, selon cette lettre qu&rsquo;auraient adress&eacute; &agrave; Omar ibn al Khattab, des chefs religieux chr&eacute;tiens de la Syrie pass&eacute;e, par la force du jih&acirc;d, sous la domination musulmane&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tLe Pacte d&rsquo;Omar ibn Al-Khattab, (deuxi&egrave;me calife de l&rsquo;islam (de 634 &agrave; 644)&nbsp;est le texte matriciel de la dhimma. Tous les statuts des dhimmis s&rsquo;en inspirent peu ou prou.<br \/>\n\t\tCe pacte fixe la condition de dhimmi et sert de base aux relations entre les musulmans et les non-musulmans.<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\t&laquo;&nbsp;Nous avons demand&eacute; la vie sauve pour nous, nos familles et nos coreligionnaires, ainsi que la possibilit&eacute; de conserver nos biens, lorsque nous sommes venus &agrave; vous, aux conditions suivantes&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde nous acquitter d&rsquo;un tribut et rester dans la soumission&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde maintenir nos portes grandement ouvertes&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne refuser &agrave; aucun musulman d&rsquo;entrer et de demeurer &agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur de nos maisons, de jour comme de nuit, &agrave; charge pour nous de l&rsquo;entretenir pendant trois jours, en lui donnant r&eacute;guli&egrave;rement &agrave; manger&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne faire sonner les cloches qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur de nos &eacute;glises et avec retenue, et de ne pas &eacute;lever le ton de nos pri&egrave;res et de nos chants liturgiques&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde n&rsquo;abriter dans aucune de nos habitations et nos &eacute;glises, un espion au service de l&rsquo;ennemi, ni de le cacher aux musulmans&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas b&acirc;tir de nouveaux lieux de culte, de couvents, d&rsquo;ermitages, de cellules, ni reconstruire celles qui auront &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;truites&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas organiser de c&eacute;r&eacute;monie publique ni se r&eacute;unir en pr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;un musulman&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas faire du pros&eacute;lytisme, de ne pas manifester d&rsquo;idol&acirc;trie, ni y convier un musulman&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas exposer de croix ni nos livres dans nos &eacute;glises, ni dans les rues et les march&eacute;s fr&eacute;quent&eacute;s par des musulmans&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas lire le Coran ni l&rsquo;enseigner &agrave; nos enfants, de n&rsquo;emp&ecirc;cher aucun de nos parents d&rsquo;embrasser l&rsquo;islam s&rsquo;il le d&eacute;sire&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde couper nos cheveux en m&egrave;che et porter une ceinture autour de la taille&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas ressembler aux musulmans de quelque mani&egrave;re que ce soit&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas chevaucher sur des selles&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tles gravures de nos cachets devront &ecirc;tre r&eacute;dig&eacute;es en arabe&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas utiliser leurs titres&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde les honorer et les respecter&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde nous tenir respectueusement debout, en face d&rsquo;eux, lorsqu&rsquo;ils nous croiseront&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde montrer de la d&eacute;f&eacute;rence &agrave; leur &eacute;gard&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde leur c&eacute;der la place lorsqu&rsquo;ils d&eacute;sireront s&rsquo;asseoir&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde les diriger dans leurs all&eacute;es et venues&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tne pas construire de maison plus haute que les leurs, ni r&eacute;parer de jour comme de nuit, ce qui est tomb&eacute; en ruine ou ce qui se trouve dans un quartier musulman&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas porter d&rsquo;&eacute;p&eacute;e ou n&rsquo;importe quelle autre arme, ni les transporter&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas vendre de vin ou de porc, ni les montrer ostensiblement&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas faire du feu &agrave; l&rsquo;occasion d&rsquo;une mort, dans un chemin ou habite un musulman&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas &eacute;lever la voix face &agrave; un musulman et pendant nos processions fun&eacute;raires&nbsp;;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\n\t\t\t\t\tde ne pas garder d&rsquo;esclave qui appart&icirc;nt &agrave; un musulman&nbsp;: nous prenons l&rsquo;engagement de respecter ces conditions en notre nom et celui de nos coreligionnaires. Celui qui ne les respectera pas n&rsquo;aura aucun droit &agrave; la protection, de m&ecirc;me que celui qui frappera d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;ment sur un musulman.&nbsp;&raquo;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>\n\t\tInutile de dire qu&rsquo;il &eacute;tait facile pour un musulman d&rsquo;affirmer qu&rsquo;un dhimmi avait viol&eacute; l&rsquo;une ou l&rsquo;autre de ces conditions.<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tC&rsquo;est ce pacte qui est en grande partie la source du &laquo;&nbsp;droit&nbsp;&raquo; des non-musulmans en terre d&rsquo;islam. Le d&eacute;cret du r&eacute;gime des talibans, lors de leur r&egrave;gne en Afghanistan, obligeant les non-musulmans &agrave; porter un signe distinctif de couleur jaune, avait donc une valeur canonique. Sous domination musulmanes les non-musulmans &eacute;taient souvent soumis &agrave; l&rsquo;obligation d&rsquo;arborer de grossiers morceaux d&rsquo;&eacute;toffe (zunn&acirc;r) autour de leur taille, cela permettait de les distinger des musulmans. Une prescription vestimentaire qui fait, jusqu&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui, l&rsquo;unanimit&eacute; dans toutes les quatre principales &eacute;coles juridiques de l&rsquo;islam sunnite.<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tLorsqu&rsquo;en 640 le deuxi&egrave;me calife, Omar Ier, fait tuer un juif qui avait renvers&eacute; une musulmane avec son &acirc;ne, il d&eacute;clara&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;nous ne vous avons pas donn&eacute; un trait&eacute; pour que vous vous comportiez de cette fa&ccedil;on&nbsp;&raquo;.<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tA suivre&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\n\t\tGenevi&egrave;ve Harland<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Statut juridique des dhimmis&nbsp;: Pacte du deuxi&egrave;me calife &nbsp; &nbsp; par&nbsp;Genevi&egrave;ve Harland &nbsp; Chr&eacute;tiens et juifs, sous domination musulmane, disposaient d&rsquo;un statut juridique particulier qui leur r&eacute;servait, dans tous les domaines, une place tr&egrave;s inf&eacute;rieure &agrave; celle des musulmans. Statut se r&eacute;f&eacute;rant au pacte du deuxi&egrave;me calife, Omar ibn al Khattab (Omar Ier), dont le&hellip;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":19137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"neve_meta_sidebar":"","neve_meta_container":"","neve_meta_enable_content_width":"","neve_meta_content_width":0,"neve_meta_title_alignment":"","neve_meta_author_avatar":"","neve_post_elements_order":"","neve_meta_disable_header":"","neve_meta_disable_footer":"","neve_meta_disable_title":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[15,26,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-religion","category-syrie","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Statut juridique des dhimmis : Pacte du deuxi\u00e8me calife 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